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1814
Presentation
THE ENORMITY OF 1814
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Presentation
WHY 1814 – IN 1814?
The upheavals of 1814 were the result of several factors:
The world: Notions of freedom and power politics
The Nordic region: War, years of want and Sweden’s desire for Norway
Norway: Increased self-identity and domestic discontent
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Presentation
NORWAY IN JANUARY 1814
• Poor peasant society
• Under Danish rule
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Presentation
TURNING POINTS IN 1814
1. Treaty of Kiel: 14 January 18142. Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll: 10 April – 20 May3. Convention of Moss: 14 August4. Revised Constitution and Union with Sweden: 4
November
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1814
The Treaty of Kiel14 January 1814
Presentation
THE PEACE OF KIEL, 14 JANUARY
Karl Johan and Sweden attacked and defeated Denmark
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Presentation
THE TREATY OF KIEL
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Presentation
SCOPE FOR REVOLT
“Sweden was not immediately able to seize the prize that Denmark had been compelled to surrender.”
(Jens Arup Seip)
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REVOLT FROM ABOVE
The Danish successor to the throne Christian Frederik mobilized Norwegian revolt against the Treaty of Kiel in February 1814
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MEETING OF NOTABLES AT EIDSVOLL, 16 FEBRUARY
“Nobody has more Right now to the Norwegian Crown than I or any other Norwegian.”
Georg Sverdrup
Presentation Page 11
Presentation
ELECTIONS TO THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
Extraordinary day of prayer, 25 February:
1. Oath of independence in the churches
2. Election of representatives
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1814
Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll
Presentation
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, 10 APRIL – 20 MAY
112 representatives were gathered at Eidsvoll for 40 days to draft a Norwegian constitution.
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Presentation
CHAIN OF EVENTS:
12 to 19 April: Constituent Assembly elected committees and debatedimportant questions of principal.
20 April to 3 May: Most important work done in the committees – in particular the Constitution Committee, which drafted proposals on what the Constitution should l0ok like.
4 to 11 May: Draft constitution deliberated in plenary session, with voting done article by article.
12 to 20 May: A committee examined the adopted text of the Constitution in order to give it the “finishing touches”. The Constitution was adopted as a complete document on 16 May. The Constitution was signed on 17 May and Christian Frederik was elected King the same day. The assembly was formally dissolved on 19 May, and delegates took their leave the following day.
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THE CONSTITUTION
Sovereignty of the people
Separation of powers
Human and civil rights
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INDEPENDENCE OR UNION?
• The Constituent Assembly also had to clarify Norway’s relations with Sweden.
“The Independence Party”
“The Union Party”
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“NORWAY’S OLD THRONE IS RESURRECTED”
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1814
The Convention of Moss
14 August 1814
Presentation
ALONE IN EUROPE
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Presentation
SHORT-LIVED WAR
Karl Johan back from the campaign in Europe
Went to war with Norway on 26 July to secure the prize from Kiel
Swift Swedish advance and Norwegian retreat
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Presentation
PEACE PROPOSAL AND NEGOTIATIONS
• 7 August: Karl Johan pledged to respect the 17 May Constitution in a new peace proposal
• 10–14 August: Negotiations on the terms of peace took place in Moss
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Presentation
THE CONVENTION OF MOSS
Peace treaty signed in Moss on 14 August
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1814
The November Constitution
Presentation
THE STORTING CONVENED FOR THE FIRST TIME
The first extraordinary Storting
• The Storting met for the the first time on 7 October 1814
• Christian Frederik abdicated on 10 October
• Formally, it was the Storting that was to vote for the union with Sweden and the Swedish king
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NEGOTIATIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION
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THE 4 NOVEMBER CONSTITUTION
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INTO A NEW UNION
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FREEDOM AS A GIFT?
Ever since 1814, historians and others have debated what really happened in 1814.
• “Freedom as a gift”
• Domestic processes
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Presentation
CHRISTIAN FREDERIK
Saviour and hero, or tool and socialite?
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Presentation
SWEDISH-NORWEGIAN WAR, SUMMER 1814
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