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150th EAAE seminar23rd October 2015 – Edinburgh
(UK)
Measuring direct & indirect employment
linked to Livestock Farming
Agathe LANG, Pierre DUPRAZ (INRA), Yves TREGARO (FranceAgriMer), Christophe PERROT (IDELE), Pierre-Michel
ROSNER (CIV)
Objective : identification and quantification of the French jobs depending on French livestock farms
Accounting of direct and indirect jobs
(induced jobs are outside the scope) Direct
jobs
Livestock
farmsDependency level
Indirect jobs
MATERIAL AND METHOD
General procedure – step 1
Identification of ALL GROUPS OF OPERATORS
in the livestock sphere
ANIMAL FEED
PROCESSING SECTOR
GENERAL SUPPLIERS
(building, equipments)
and SERVICES (accounting,
banks…)
ANIMAL HEALTH
GENETICS AND
PERFORMANCE
ADMINISTRATION AND
POLITICAL REPRESENTATI
ON
RESEARCH & EDUCATION
FOOD INDUSTRY
AND TRADE
RETAIL
BY-PRODUCTS
MANAGEMENT AND
INDUSTRY
Livestock operations
INDUSTRY SUPPLIERS
LO
GIS
TIC
S (
TR
AN
SP
OR
T S
TO
RA
GE)
PUBLIC & SEMI-PUBLIC
DISTRIBUTION
UPSTREAM sectors
DOWNSTREAM sectors
185 categories of operators
General procedure – step 2
Identification of ALL GROUPS OF OPERATORS
in the livestock sphere
Identification of operators that DEPEND on livestock
operations
Dependency evaluation
• Livestock dependency = a change in livestock-related activities would affect the operator’s activity level, or even its existence and, thus, its jobs
• No methodological frame available -> building our own dependency evaluation method
• Theoretical framework : – « filière » définitions (Temple 2011, Fontan 2006), systemic
aproaches (Donnadieu 2003), social LCA (Macombe 2013, Wu 2014)
– Transaction costs theory (Williamson 1985 and 1996), incomplete contracts theory (Tirole 1999, Masten 2000)
– Up or downstream regulation (Sekkat 1987)
Livestock’s relative weightShort-term effects
Adaptation capacitiesMedium-term effects
Territorial constraintsGeographical effects
Adaptation capacitiesMedium-term effects
Livestock’s relative weightShort-term effects
Dependency evaluation
Indicator Evaluation DependencyShare of sales
related to livestock farms(clients: share of the activity related to its
products)
Share of the turnover or production volume
High turnover share =
high dependency
Share of operators
specialized in livestock or its
products
Share of operators with exclusive or majority livestock-
related activity
Many specialized operators = high dependency
Diversity of outlets
(clients: share of animal products in final
product)
Evaluation on a Likert scale from 0 to 5 (based on expert
opinions)
(0 : turnover on all economic activities, 5 : only livestock farms)
Low diversity =
High dependency
Grade from 0 to 15
Indicator Evaluation Dependency
Asset specificity to livestock operations
Evaluation on a Likert scale from 0 to 5 (based on expert
opinions)
(0 : non specific assets, 5 : very specific and impossible to
reconvert assets)
High specificity =
high dependency
Asset specificity to one particular livestock sector
Evaluation on a Likert scale from 0 to 5 (based on expert
opinions)
(0 : non specific assets, 5 : very specific and impossible to
reconvert assets)
High specificity =
high dependency
Absence of relevant market for reconversion and/or
export (suppliers)/import
(clients)
Evaluation on a Likert scale from 0 to 5 (based on expert
opinions)
(0 : high demand market (potentially for the entire
production), 5 : no relevant market)
No relevant market = High dependency
0 1 2 3 4 5
No impact of location
France level
Great region level
(< 400 km)
Department level
(<100 km)
Small agricultural
territory level
(<40 km)
Maximal distance of a
few kilometers
Territorial constraintsGeographical effects
Grade from 0 to 15
Grade from 0 to 15
Dependency level
Different levels of dependency
Livestock’s relative
weight
Adaptation capacities
Territorial constraint
s
Indirect employmen
t
Direct jobs
Livestock
farms
Agglomerative hierarchical clustering :
4 dependency levels
Not significantl
y dependent
General procedure – step 3
Identification of ALL GROUPS OF OPERATORS
in the livestock sphere
Quantify the NUMBER of JOBS
for these dependent operators
Identification of operators that DEPEND on livestock
operations
Measurement of employment level
• Single method for each operator• Sources of information: – Official state statistics– Professional surveys– Professional representative knowledge– Economic assessment
• Measurement is in Full Time Equivalent (FTE)
RESULTS
703 000 FTE are dependent on French livestock farming operations
LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS: DIRECT JOBS312 000 FTE
(~415 000 people)
VERY DEPENDENT JOBS178 000 FTE
(207 000 people)
MODERATLY DEPENDENT JOBS
166 000 FTE(210 000 people)
MILDLY DEPENDENT JOBS
47 000 FTE(52 000 people)
+ 9 000 FTE producing the cereal consumed directly on the farms
Results- by sector
DOWNSTREAM SECTORS AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 7.1TOTAL DEP: 32.4
UPSTREAM SECTORS AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 9.5Total DEP: 28.8
PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLICAVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 5Total DEP: 22.2
DISTRIBUTIONAVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 3TOTAL DEP: 26.6
ALL SECTORS AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 6.7Total DEP: 29.5
1st process: 36.4 (8.8)Processed goods : 23.9 (3.2)
-
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
CATTLE SHEEP GOAT CATTLE SHEEP VEALCALVES
PIGS POULTRYand
RABBITS
EGGS
0,76
1,07
6,06 1,91
1,77
0,63
0,44 0,53 5,93
183 000FTE
238 000FTE
99 000FTE
99 000FTE
11 000FTE
34 000FTE
10 000FTE
14 000FTE 12 000
FTE
Results – by type of livestockDAIRY FARMS MEAT PRODUCTION FARMS EGGS
Products : milk and meat Products : meat Eggs & meat
Number of
indirect job(s)
per on-farm job
Total number of jobs
Direct jobsVery dependent
jobsModeratly
dependent jobsMildy dependent
jobs
Grand Ouest resultsA few
references on the Grand
Ouest region:
16 % of French
population
16 % of total of
French jobs
21 % of agricultural
surfaces in France 21 %
of French farms
20 % of French meat cows
72 % of French pigs
58 % of French poultry
50 % of French milk
cows
LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS : DIRECT JOBS102 000 FTE
[33 % of French total] Non takenintoaccountindirect jobs (estimation):
22 500 FTE(39 % of French total)
VERY DEPENDENT JOBS81 800 FTE
(49 % of French total)
MODERATLY DEPENDENT JOBS42 700 FTE
(29 % of French total)
MILDLY DEPENDENT JOBS4 900 FTE
(25 % of French total)
TOTAL INDIRECT JOBS–151 800 FTE :(39 % of French total)
46%
9%
22%
10%
67%
35%
54%
40%
15%
31%
16%
43%45%
55%
51%
19%
43%
14%
71%
66%
57%
Bovin lait Caprin Bovin viande Ovin viande Porcin Volaille chair etlapins
Œuf
Emplois directs Emplois indirects Production
Share of the Grand Ouest region in French total livestock related jobs and production
Total français
Part du Grand
Ouest (%)
French total
Share of the
Grand Ouest region
Dairy Cattle
GoatsMeat Cattle
Meat sheeps Pigs
Poultry and
rabbits
Eggs
Direct jobs Indirect jobs Production
Conclusion
• Detailed map (135 operators), precise (+/- 2 %) with an explicit method (dependency evaluation and all calculations will be published)
• Dependency evaluation method is not specific to livestock nor agricultural sectors : application to other fields?
• Limitations : – analytical rather than systemic approach– induced jobs and externalities jobs not taken into account– no results on territorial scale
Direct jobs: 312 000 FTE
LIVESTOCK-RELATED JOBS
OTHER ACTIVITIES-RELATED JOBS
ANNEXS
Results – by production level
9,8
36,8
20,6
0
10
20
30
40
Bovin Lait Ovin Lait Caprin
Emplois dépendants de l'élevage (ETP) /million de litres de lait produits
Number of jobs (FTE) per million liters of milk produced in
France
CATTLE SHEEP GOAT
10
37
21
Results – by production level
11,5
41,8
8,9
4,5 5,3
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bovin viande Ovin viande Veau Porc Volaille Chairet Lapins
Emplois dépendants de l'élevage (ETP) /100 tec de viande produites
Number of jobs (FTE) per 100t of meat produced in
France
CATTLE SHEEP VEAL CALVES
PIGS POULTRY and
RABBITS
11.5
42
9
4.5 5
Share of Grand Ouest region in livestock-related jobs in France
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
UPSTREAM LIVESTOCKOPERATIONS
DOWNSTREAM DISTRIBUTION PUBLIC & SEMIPUBLIC
Otherparts ofFrance
GrandOuest
22 %27 %
43 %45 %
33 %
Low territorial constraints High territorial constraints
Exemples of dependency evaluation (1)
Veterinaries (liberal workers) : 27,4/45 -> MODERATLY dependent
Livestock’s relative weightShare of the turnover
29 % 1,5/5
Share of specialized operators
57 % 2,9/5
Outlets diversity 3/5
Total : 7,4/15
Adaptation capacities
Asset specificity to a livestock sector
1/5
Asset specificity to livestock in general
3/5
Relevant market 4/5Total : 8/15
Territorial constraints
Small agricultural region level
Total : 12/15
Slaughterhouses (cattle, sheep and pigs): 33/45 -> VERY dependent
Livestock’s relative weightPart de l’activité liée à l’élevage
100 % 5/5
Part des acteurs spécialisés
100 % 5/5
Part des produits animaux
100% 5/5
Total : 15/15
Adaptation capacities
Asset specificity to a livestock sector
3/5
Asset specificity to livestock in general
5/5
Relevant market 4/5Total : 12/15
Territorial constraints
Great region level
Total : 6/15
Exemples of dependency evaluation (2)
Animal drugs industry: 17/45 -> MIDLY dependent
Livestock’s relative weightShare of the turnover
57 % 3/5
Share of specialized operators
0 % 0/5
Outlets diversity 3/5
Total : 6/15
Adaptation capacities
Asset specificity to a livestock sector
2/5
Asset specificity to livestock in general
4/5
Relevant market 2/5Total : 8/15
Territorial constraints
France level
Total : 3/15
Biscuits factories: 10/45 -> NOT dependent on French livestock operations
Livestock’s relative weightPart de l’activité liée à l’élevage
80 % 4/5
Part des acteurs spécialisés
0 % 0/5
Part des produits animaux
20 % 1/5
Total : 5/15
Adaptation capacities
Asset specificity to a livestock sector
2/5
Asset specificity to livestock in general
3/5
Relevant market 0/5Total : 5/15
Territorial constraints
Almost no constraints
Total : 0/15
Results – Animal Health
Veterinaries7 300 FTE
MODERATE dependency-2 600 FTE veterinaries specialized in livestock animals-2100 FTE veterinaries dedicated to livestock animals amongst mixt veterinaries -3 200 FTE non veterinaries workers
Source : CSOV
Food indutstry
State veterinaries services : 2 700 FTE
HIGH dependency-Santé et sécurité des animaux : 800 ETP-Sécurité sanitaire des aliments : 1 900 ETP dont 1 300 en abattoirs
Source : DGAL
Animal drug industry1 100 FTE
MILD dependency6 000 FTE in total sector from
which 3 200 for pets and 1 800 for
exportSource : SIMV
Sanitary surveillance organizations
800 FTEHIGH dependency
Source : FNGDS
PharmaciesNot dependent
Animal drugs trade : 625 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource : surveys and expert say
ANSES330 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource : ANSES
OIE85 FTE
MILD dependencySource : OIE
Livestock
Results – Animal feed
Grain production an
tradeNot dependent
Hay production,
trade, transportation
and dehydration2 100 FTE
HIGH to MODERATE dependency
Source : estimations
Quality control laboratoriesNot dependent
Machinery makers 50 FTE
MILD dependencySource : surveys,
estimation
Animal feed compound industry
10 000 FTEHIGH dependency
Sources:, Coop de France Nutrition animale
Addictive industry2 200 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource :surveys, estimation
Feed services, mineral feed and pre-
mix industry4 400 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : AFCA CIAL
By-products suppliers (tourteaux, sons,
drèches…) 1 100 FTE
MODERATE to MILD dependency
Triturateurs, amidonniers, meuniers, sucreries,
éthanoliers
Agrofourniture,
agromachinisme (cultures)Not dependent Mise aux normes
d’écarts de fabrication
100 ETPMODERATE dependency
Source : Valoria
Livestock
Results – Genetics and performances
Performances control3 200 FTE
HIGH dependencyCattle, sheep, goat, pigSources : IFIP, IDELE, FCEL
Departmental livestock organizations
(identification and ascendency certification)
included in agricultural chambers
Information system (ARSOE) 350 FTE
HIGH dependencyCattle, sheep, goat
Source : FIEA
Genetic evaluation included in research field
Sélection génétique 2 000 ETP
HIGH dependencyBovins, caprins, porc,
volailleSources : IFIP, Alysse, SNA
Selection organizations
200 FTEHIGH dependency
Source : race de France
Genetics analysis
laboratories45 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Artificial insemination2 300 FTE
HIGH dependencySources : IFIP, SNA, Alysse
Buckles makers:70 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource : estimation
Animal passports printers:
Not dependent
Semen sorting: 25 FTEHIGH
dependencySource : estimation
Milk analysis laboratories
450 FTEHIGH
dependencySource : CNIEL
Livestock
Results – Various goods and services (1)
Fabrication of livestock
equipement2 300 FTEMODERATE dependency
Sources : INSEE, Axema
Building construction15 000 FTEMODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Fabrication of precision livestock
equipement160 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimations
Biocids production380 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Seed production760 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource : GNIS
Suppliers for building
constructionNon dépendant
Livestock building studies670 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : estimation
Distribution of livestock
equipment: 4 900 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources: INSEE, Axema
Environmental building studies
670 ETPMODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Production and distribution of fertilisers, phytosanitary
products, general crop quipment…
Not dependentCf chapitre Alimentation animale
Commission works7 400 FTEMODERATE dependency
Sources : FNCUMA, FNEDT
Replacement services
2 250 FTEHIGH dependency
Source : service de remplacement
Livestock
Results – Various goods and services (2)
Certification organization (organic
products etc.)240 FTE
MILD dependencySource : estimation
Production and distribution of
computers devicesNot dependent
Independant consultants
40 FTEMODERATE dependencySource : PCIA
Production and distribution of
electricityNot dependent
Accounting2 300 FTEMODERATE dependency
Sources : CER, Cogedis
Anaerobic digestion studies140 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : Etude emploi
Biogaz
Production and distribution of gas
Not dependent
Hoof care130 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : CFPPA Le
Rheu
Production and distribution of fuel
Not dependent
InsuranceNot dependent
Banking services970 FTE
MILD dependencySource : estimation
Agricultural newspapers
130 FTEMODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Livestock
Results – Collection, processing and trade (1 – milk)
Milk collection and dairy industries:
49 000 FTEHIGH dependency
Sources : INSEE, CNIEL, ATLA
Milk and dairy trade : 9 700 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : INSEE
Livestock
Results – Collection, processing and trade(2 – cattle, sheep and pigs meat)
Slaughterhouses and meatpacking
industry: 47 900 FTE
HIGH dependency
Sources : INSEE, Conventions collectives, FNICGV, COOP de
France, FNEAP, Synafavia
Live animals trade4 720 FTE
HIGH dependency4600 cattle dealers
120 in cattle marketsSources : FFCB, FAM, INSEE, FMBV
Meat and meat-based products
trade: 4 400 FTEMODERATE dependency
Sources : INSEE, Conventions collectives
Food industry
Farmers associations:
4 800 FTEHIGH dependency
Sources : INSEE, Conventions collectives
Veal-calves integration firms:
250 FTEHIGH dependency
Sources : enquête
Livestock
Results – Collection, processing and trade(3 – poultry, goats and rabbits)
Slaughterhouses and meat packing:
24 000 FTEHIGH dependencySources : Rapport de branche FIA-CNADEV,
INSEE
Poultry meat trade1 400 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource : INSEE
Meat Eggs
Egg packing centers: 1 600 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : SNIPO
Egg based products
industry : 800 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : SNIPO
Eggs trade: 450 FTE
HIGH dependencySources : INSEE
Food industry
DISTRIBUTION
Livestock
Results – Collection, processing and trade(4 – processed products)
Industrie de 1ère et seconde transformation
(abattage découpe, ovoproduits, industrie laitière)
Cf aval viande, aval volaille, aval lait
DISTRIBUTION
Industries plats préparés : 10 000 ETP
MILD dependencySources : INSEE,
ADEPALE
Viande, œufs, produits laitiers
Boulangerie pâtisserie
viennoiserie non dépendant
Biscuiterie non dépendant
Chocolaterienon dépendant
Beurre, œufs,lait
Beurre, œufs,lait
Industrie foie gras : 900
ETPHIGH
dependencySources : INSEE,
ADEPALE
Fabricants de crème glacée
non dépendant
Charcuterie : 23 700 ETPMODERATE dependency
Sources : FICT, SSP, INSEE
Viande
Foies des
canards gras
Livestock
Results – Industry suppliers
Livestock trucks fabrication
125 FTEHIGH dependency
Industrial cleaning 2 500 FTE
MILD dependency
Food industry
Packaging fabrication
200 FTEMILD dependency
Building constructionNon dépendant
Logistic platformsNon dépendant
Refrigerated equipement maintenanceNon dépendant
Pest exterminationNon dépendant
Animal feed trucks fabrication
145 FTEdépendance MOYENNE
Linen and laundry services720 FTE
MILD dependencyIndustrial maintenance
2 300 FTEMILD dependency
Analysis laboratories1 800 FTE
MILD dependency
Equipment fabrication3 200 FTE
dépendance MOYENNE
Event management services
Non dépendant
Software developmentNon dépendant
Computer devicesNon dépendant
Feed industry
Livestock
Results – By products management
Slaughterhouses
Knackery 800 FTE
HIGH dependency
400 collecting dead animals410 collecting industry waste
Source : SIFCO
Collecting and managing 2 000 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : SIFCO
Cement production
Not dependent
Fertilizer production
Not dependent
Animal bone meal and fat
Gelatin producers470 ETP
MODERATE dependency
Source : MAAF et enquête
AquacultureNot dependent
Petfood : 4 750 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : FACCO, INSEE
Dead animals
Cat1 & 2 products
Cat.3 and human food approved products
Soap productionNot dependent
Biofuel production: 25 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : enquête
Tannery : 1600 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource : CNC
Animal
proteins and fa
t
Animal protein and fat
Animal fatAnim
al fat
Skins
Anaerobic digestion units (outside of
farms) Not dependent
Skins trade: 340 FTEHIGH dependency
Source : CNC
Skins, bones (cattle and pigs)
Leather industry: 6 400 FTE
MILD dependencySource : CNC
Livestock
Results – Distribution
Butchers deli shops34 000 FTEMODERATE dependency
Sources : INSEE, CFBCT
Butcher counters in supermarkets
13 800 FTEMODERATE dependency
Source : FCD
Food industry and trade
Cheese shops6 900 FTEMODERATE dependency
Source : Fromagers de France
Self-services sections
Not dependent
Central buying service
Not dépendent
RestaurantsNot dependent
Institutional catering
Not dependent
Export services25 FTE
MILD dependency
Livestock
Results – Education and research
Under supervision of Agriculture food anf forest ministry +
research and education ministry
Livestock
Agricultural chambers3 100 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : APCA
IRSTEA 525 FTE
MODERATE dependencySource : IRSTEA
Technical agricultural education5 900 FTE
MODERATE dependency
INRA2 900 FTEMODERATE dependencySource : INRA
Instituts techniques490 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : enquêtes
Higher agricultural education and
research1 100 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Under supervision of agriculture, food and forest ministry
Source : Programme budgétaire 142
Source : Programme budgétaire 143
Vocational education210 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : FAFSEA, VIVEA
Results – Administration
Under supervision of Agriculture, food and forest ministry
SAFER480 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : SAFER
Agence de services et de
paiements (ASP) 400 FTE
HIGH dependency
Conduite et pilotage des politiques de
l’agriculture3 600 FTE
HIGH dependency
FranceAgriMer500 FTE
HIGH dependency Mutualité sociale agricole (MSA)
4 750 FTEMODERATE dependencySource : MSA
Autres (Agence Bio, INAO)
55 FTEMODERATE dependency
DGAL (central) 125 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : Programme budgétaire 154
Agriculture, food and forest ministry
Source : Programme budgétaire 206
Source : programme budgétaire 215
Natural regional parks30 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Local governments270 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Water management agencies330 FTE
HIGH dependencySource : estimation
DIRENNot dependent
ADEME40 FTE
MILD dependencySource : estimation
Livestock
Results – Logistics
Refrigerated storage
3 700 FTEMODERATE dependency
Food industry
Raw animal products road transportation : 1
600 FTEHIGH dependency
Milk, eggs
Non refrigerated storage
not dependent
Hay, cattle cake, bran road transportation
2 900 FTEMODERATE dependency
Live animals road transportation: 1 300
FTEHIGH dependency
Distribution
Finished animal products road transportation
: 8 600 FTEMILD dependency
Port infrastructures
(animal products
export) : 90 FTEMILD dependency
Custom services: 330
FTEMODERATE dependency
River transportationnot dependent
Train transportationnot dependent
Cereal road transportationnot dependent
Feed compounde
rs
Feed road transportation
5 400 FTEMODERATE dependency Port infrastructures
(soy import): 700 FTE
MILD dependency
Livestock
Sources : SoeS, INSEE, enquêtes
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