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Grammar I Graciela Palacio
LV/JVG 2012 (Revised 2015)
LESSON 14
SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS
INTRANSITIVE VERBS OF INCOMPLETE PREDICATION
In the previous lesson e said that to t!pes o" intransitive verbs can #e distin$uished%
a& Intransitive ver#s o" complete predication (or uner$ative ver#s) and
#& Intransitive ver#s o" complete predication (or unaccusative ver#s)
In the "irst $roup' s!ntactic structure can still #e vieed as a more or less direct re"lection o"
predicate/ar$ument structure& oever' ith the second $roup thin$s are not so simple&
INTRANSITIVE VERBS OF INCOMPLETE PREDICATION:
here are to t!pes o" IVs o" IP%1& he "irst $roup is *non as the $roup o" Co!"aror "in#in$ver#s& hese ver#s can
#e%
Stativever#s%
John ishapp!&
he #rid$e see%ssa"e& (seem% modalit! ver# e+pressin$ co$nition)
,ou "oo#tired& (look% co$nitive modalit! - perception)
hat per"ume s%e""sterri"ic&
he ca*e tastesdelicious&
his material &ee"sso"t&
is voice so!n'e'stran$e&
D(na%i)or Pro)essver#s%
.he be)a%ea la!er&
.he $re*tired&
John is $ettin$an$r!&
hese ver#s are intransitive& e cannot use them in the passive voice& he! are not"olloed
#! a determiner phrase ar$ument& he! are called o" incomplete predication #ecause the!
must #e "olloed #! an o#li$ator! element' a )o%"e%ent&
I" the complement is an adectival phrase or a determiner phrase ith a predicative "unction it
is called a Pre'i)ative Co%"e%ent& or e+ample%
.u$ar is seet&
his is a #oo*&
John is tired&
I" the complement is a prepositional phrase that e+presses location' time or duration it is
called an A'verbia" )o%"e%ent& or e+ample%
John is in the $arden& (locative)he part! as !esterda!& (temporal)
Pa$e 1 o" / Lesson 1
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he "ilm lasted to hours& (durative)
2& he second $roup o" IVs o" IP is made up o" "our su#$roups%
a+ Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion such as come, go, arrive, leave, fall, rise, etc
b+ Verbs o& %anner o& %otion *,en t,e( )o%bine *it, a 'ire)tiona" ,rase s!), as
Martha walkedto the station&
)+ Verbs o& e-isten)e an' aearan)e such as exist, appear, flourish, thrive, emerge
'+ Verbs o& satia" )on&i$!ration in t,e si%"e osition an' ass!%e osition sense
such assit, stand, lie, hang, lean, etc.
hese are all intransitivever#s that cannot occur on their on& he! must #e "olloed #!
somethin$& he! are t*o."a)e verbs#ut their to ar$uments are interna" ar$!%ents& 3ne
is a theme and the other a locative& he! do not have a$entive su#ects&
hese ver#s are also *non as !na))!sativever#s&
Let us discuss each t!pe in turn%
1+ Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion% come, go, arrive, leave, fall, rise, etc&
4onsider the "olloin$ e+ample%
John *entto the cinema !esterda!&
hese ver#s are intransitive#ecause the ar$ument that "ollos the ver# is nota determiner
phrase #ut a prepositional phrase' and that prepositional phrase cannot #ecome the su#ect o"
the passive' e&$& To the cinema was gone by John. he! are o" in)o%"ete re'i)ation
#ecause these ver#s need a complement' the! cannot occur on their on' e&$& John went.
hich other ver#s are li*ego6
.ue )a%ehere (!esterda!)&
Julia arrive'in 7e ,or* (last ee*)&
he #oo*s had &a""enonto the "loor&
Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion(or o" direction o" motion) impl! a ),an$e o& "o)ation#ecause the
entit! that under$oes motion (i&e& the theme su#ect) ends up in a di""erent place&
Comema! occur ithout an e+pression o" location in the s!nta+ (e&$&John came yesterday)
#ut the e+pression o" location (here, the place where the speaker is) is understood&Arriveis a
similar case& John has arrived is a $rammatical sentence #ut the place is understood& or
practical purposes' i" the e+pression o" location is a#sent in the s!nta+ #ut understood
conceptuall!' e ill provide it' so that the! can all #e $rouped to$ether&
2& Verbs o& %anner o& %otion *,en t,e( )o%bine *it, a 'ire)tiona" ,rase%
8artha *a"#e'to the station&
Pa$e 2 o" / Lesson 1
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Luc! 'an)e'into the room&
he people raninto the street&
hen e sa!Martha walked to the statione are not ust descri#in$ a manner o" motion as
in he is walking& hat e are sa!in$ is that she ent to the station and that she al*ed
there& (c"& in .panishMarta fue a la estaci!n caminando)& e ill anal!se to the station, intothe room, etc as /"o)ative0 a'verbia" )o%"e%ents& he! are re9uired to descri#e a t!pe o"
event that ends ith the su#ect #ein$ at that place&
:& Verbs o& e-isten)e an' aearan)e% exist, appear, flourish, thrive, emerge, arise&
Li"e doesn;t e-iston other planets&
.mo*e aeare'1in the hori
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Intransitive verbs o& in)o%"ete re'i)ationcan #e%
1& Lin#in$ verbs(stative or d!namic) "olloed #!%
=& = Predicative 4omplement?& =n =dver#ial 4omplement
+ Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion
Verbs o& %anner o& %otion a 'ire)tiona" "o)ative
Verbs o& e-isten)e an' aearan)e
Verbs o& satia" )on&i$!ration in t,e si%"e osition an' asss!%e osition sense
hese "our su#$roups are "olloed #! =dver#ial 4omplements
T5EPICT3RESOFAR:
S!b6e)t Verb
1& 8ono V - 4/@3 (=dunct)
2& ?i V - 4/I3 - 4/@3 (=dunct)
:& ?i V - 4/@3 - Preposition to-4/I3 (=dunct)
& IV4P (=dunct)
5& IVIP - 4/Predicative 4 (=dunct)
A& IVIP - 4/=dver#ial 4 (adunct)
E-a%"es*,i), )orreson' to t,e atterns resente' above:
1& he man painted the all (!esterda!)&
2& he man $ave 8ar! the #oo* (this mornin$)&
:& he man $ave the #oo* to 8ar! (this mornin$)&
& he oman lau$hed (loudl!)&
5& he #o! as ver! nervous (that mornin$)&
A& John ent to the cinema (!esterda!)&
Lesson 14 A)tivit( 1 /to #e discussed in class0
=nal!se the "olloin$ sentences semanticall! and s!ntacticall!%
1& he man loo*ed ver! tired&
2& I al* to the station ever! da!&
:& he 7ational ?an* as ro##ed last ee*&
Lesson 14 A)tivit( /to #e handed in as Assi$n%ent 140
1& he sun remained #ehind the clouds&
2& he oman as ver! prett!&
:& 8! sister lives in the su#ur#s&
Pa$e o" / Lesson 1
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