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13 December 2011. Objective : You will be able to: describe the three types of bonding and determine which type of bonding is present in a compound Do now : On the first slide of your handout, brainstorm everything you know about bonding. Homework : p. 400 #5, 6, 16, 17, 20, 21 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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13 December 2011
Objective: You will be able to: describe the three types of bonding
and determine which type of bonding is present in a compound
Do now: On the first slide of your handout, brainstorm everything you know about bonding.
Homework: p. 400 #5, 6, 16, 17, 20, 21 due tomorrow, will be checked
Agenda
I. Do nowII. Ionic vs. Covalent vs. Metallic
Bonding Notes, Videos and Demo
Chemical Bonding
What do you know about bonding?
chemical bond: a strong force of attraction that holds two atoms together. Involves only the valence electrons.
Types of Bonds
ionic: attractive force between ions of opposite charges, often a metal cation and a non-metal anion.
covalent: results from sharing electrons between two atoms, usually non-metal atoms.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCvzWwww http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjge1WdCFPs metallic: occurs when the nuclei of a
collection of metal atoms simultaneously attract their collective electrons.
http://www.drkstreet.com/resources/metallic-bonding-animation.swf
Ionic or Covalent?
Why? Which have both ionic and covalent bonds?
a. KBrb. SO2
c. H2SO4
d. CH3COOHe. Na3PO4
f. CaCO3
Lewis symbol
valance electrons as dots Draw the Lewis symbol of the first
18 elements. left, right, top, bottom, top, bottom
left, right
octet rule: representative elements tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons (an octet)
This gives atoms noble gas configuration with full s and p sublevels
Noble gas configurations are very stable. Hydrogen requires only two electrons to
attain noble gas configuration
14 December 2011
Objective: You will be able to: describe ionic and covalent bonding and
draw Lewis structures for covalent compounds.
Homework Quiz: Week of Dec. 12a. Draw dot diagrams for sodium and sulfur. b. Using arrows, show what happens to their
valence electrons when they bond. c. Write the name of the compound formed.
Agenda
Homework Quiz Homework answers Isoelectronic ions Ionic bonding and lattice energy Covalent Bonding Lewis StructuresHomework: p. 401 #30, 35, 39, 41, 44
Isoelectronic
having the same electron configuration as a noble gas When an element attains a noble gas
configuration, does it turn into a noble gas? Why or why not?
Which are isoelectronic with one another? N3-, K+, Ca2+, O2-, F-, Ne, Br-, Kr, Sc3+,
Na+, Al3+, Se2-, Mg2+
Ionic Bonding
Ions form when electrons transfer from an atom of low ionization energy (usually a metal) to an atom of high electron affinity (usually a non-metal).
The electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions = ionic bond
Crystal lattice demo http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry
/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom1s2_11.swf
lattice: a stable, ordered, solid, 3D array of ions.
lattice energy, ∆Hlattice, is the energy required to completely separate a mole of solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions.
KF(s) → K+(g) + F-(g) ∆Hlattice = +808 kJ/mol
Example Lattice Energies
Compound Lattice Energy (kJ/mol)
LiF 1030LiCl 834LiI 730NaF 910NaCl 788NaBr 732NaI 682
Ions of Transition Metals
Remember that the d orbital fills before s
When a transition metal is ionized, it loses the s electrons before the d electrons
Fe [Ar] 3d6 4s2
Fe2+ [Ar] 3d6
Fe3+ [Ar] 3d5
Write the electron configuration for Cr3+ and Sn4+
Covalent Bonding
formed between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons
Lewis structures show shared pairs of electrons (bonding pairs)
carbon dioxide:
Lewis Structures
Rules1. Total the valance electrons of all the bonded
atoms2. Use one pair of electrons to bond each outer
atom to the central atom (usually the atom in least abundance)
3. Complete the octets around the outer atoms4. Place any remaining electrons on the central
atom5. If there are not enough electrons to give the
central atom an octet, make multiple bonds.
NO3-
Practice Problems
Br2
CH4
H2O H2CO SeF2
CF4
CHCl3
CO2
BF3
SO3
NH4+
HCN
Resonance Structures two or more Lewis structures that
are equally good representations of the bonding in a molecule or ion.
Usually differ only in the positions of multiple or single bonds and unpaired electrons
Formal Charge
the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom minus the number of electrons assigned to the atom in the Lewis structure
Used to determine which Lewis structure is the most suitable to represent bonding Choose the one closest to zero.
Steps to Formal Charge
1. Examine each atom one at a time.2. Count both electrons in a lone pair
(nonbonding electrons) and one electron per bond.
3. Compare this number with the group number.
4. If you have one less electron than the group # indicates, the charge is +1
One more electron than the group #, the charge is -1, etc.
Example: Nitrate Ion
Example: Ammonium Ion
Formal Charge Practice Problems
a. ClO3-
b. CHO2-
c. C2H3Cl
19 December 2011
Objective: You will be able to: calculate bond energies and review
chemical bonding Homework Quiz: Draw two resonance
structures for diazomethane, CH2N2. Show formal charges for both structures. The skeletal structure is:H C N NH
Agenda
I. Homework QuizII. Bond strength and enthalpyIII. Problem SetHomework: Problem Set due Weds.
Strengths of Covalent Bonds
∆HBDE = bond dissociation energy (bond enthalpy)
the enthalpy change for the breaking of bonds in one mole of a gaseous substance
Bond breaking ∆H always positive, always endothermic
Bond making is exothermic!
∆Hrxn = sum of the bond enthalpies of the broken bonds – sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds formed
Multiple bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds
Example
Use average bond enthalpies to estimate the enthalpy change of the following reaction:
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
Practice Problems
Calculate the enthalpy of reaction for the process:
a. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)b. H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)c. H2(g) + C2H4(g) → C2H6(g)
This week…
Today: Problem Set Work Time Tomorrow: Green crystal lab part 1:
reaction and growing crystals Thurs: Green crystal lab parts 2 and 3:
Washing and drying crystals and problem set work time
Problem set due Tuesday after vacation Vacation Assignment (distributed
tomorrow) due Wednesday after vacation
21 December 2011
Objective: You will be able to: synthesize a green crystal for later
analysis Do now:
Grab a pair of goggles and sit with your lab partner.
Take out the lab packet.
Reaction and reagents
iron (III) chloride hexahydrate with potassium oxalate
iron (III) chloride is a brown solution at the front lab tables pipette 8 mL
potassium oxalate is a white crystal at the side lab tables weigh 12 grams on weighing paper
distilled water is in the wash bottles ice is in the white coolers at the front – you can
put your product beaker directly into the cooler
Work quickly
Your product needs to chill for about 30 minutes before you pour off the solvent and redissolve your crystals!
We’ll store the crystals in a sample bottle tomorrow.
Work on your problem set while you wait.
For now, collect data on your lab handout.
22 December 2011
Objective: You will be able to: separate your crystal from the
solution and dry it
Winter Break Assignment
Liquids and Intermolecular Forces Read pages 461-472 and 489-499 Complete the following problems by
Tuesday, Jan. 3: page 504 #1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14,
16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 59, 60, 62, 66, 70, 72, 73, 79, 81, 85, 91, 94
Today
Watch demo of vacuum filtration. Complete Day 2 and Day 3 of
experiment Work on problem set in pairs
work efficiently and quietly stay in your seat unless you need
to move around for the lab
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