12. Cartography and Map Production · Cartography is both an art and a science Maps are fundamental...

Geographic Information Systems and ScienceSECOND EDITIONPaul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind © 2005 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd

12. Cartography and Map Production

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

OutlineNature of maps and cartographyPrinciples of map design

CompositionSymbolization

Map seriesApplicationsConclusions

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

IntroductionOutput is the pinnacle of GIS projectsTwo main types of output

MapsVisualizations

Maps are good at summarizing and communicatingCartography is the art, science and techniques of making maps

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Maps and CartographyMap – ‘digital or analog output from a GIS showing information using well established cartographic conventions’

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

GIS Processing Transformations

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Characteristics of MapTwo main types

TopographicThematic

Some map problemsCan miscommunicateEach map is just one of all possible mapsComplex maps can be difficult to understand

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Limitations of Paper MapsFixed scaleFixed extentStatic viewFlat and hence limited for 3D visualizationOnly presents ‘complete’ world viewMap producer-centric

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

TitleLegend

Projection

Grid

Data Source

Inset map

Map Body

Author

North Arrow

Scale

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Bertin's Graphic Primitives

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Choropleth Class Schemes

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Map Production System Information Flows

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ConclusionsCartography is both an art and a scienceMaps are fundamental to GIS projectsModern advances in cartography make it easy to produce good and bad mapsNew technology and especially the Internet has change the content and techniques of GIS-based cartography