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West African West African CivilizationsCivilizations
Chapter 15Chapter 15Section 2Section 2
Key TermsKey Terms►GhanaGhana►MalliMalli►SundiataSundiata►Mansa MusaMansa Musa► Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta►SonghaiSonghai►HausaHausa►YorubaYoruba►BeninBenin
Empire of GhanaEmpire of Ghana► Limited tradeLimited trade►Most animals cannot Most animals cannot
cross the desertcross the desert► 33rdrd century camels century camels
were usedwere used► 700 Ghana grew rich 700 Ghana grew rich
by taxing goods and by taxing goods and traders traveling traders traveling through the country through the country
Gold-Salt TradeGold-Salt Trade►Gold came from the Gold came from the
forestforest►Niger and SenegalNiger and Senegal► Two thirds of worlds Two thirds of worlds
gold came from gold came from Ghana till 1350Ghana till 1350
► Sahara had saltSahara had salt► People build houses People build houses
out of saltout of salt
Gold-Salt TradeGold-Salt Trade► Berbers crossed the Berbers crossed the
desert in camel desert in camel caravanscaravans
► Traders brought gold Traders brought gold from the Northfrom the North
► Merchants met in Merchants met in trading citiestrading cities
► Made sure taxes paid Made sure taxes paid and good weighed fairlyand good weighed fairly
► Royal guards provided Royal guards provided protectionprotection
Land of GoldLand of Gold► 800 Ghana an 800 Ghana an
empireempire► Only king could own Only king could own
gold nuggetsgold nuggets► Gold dust was tradedGold dust was traded► King limited gold King limited gold
supply and kept supply and kept price upprice upGhana’s rulerGhana’s ruler Religious leaderReligious leader Chief judgeChief judge Military commanderMilitary commander
Islamic InfluencesIslamic Influences► Spread through Spread through
trade and conquesttrade and conquest► 1111thth century Ghana century Ghana
converted too Islamconverted too Islam► Animism-spirits in Animism-spirits in
living things play an living things play an important part in lifeimportant part in life
► Islam encouraged Islam encouraged literacyliteracy
Islamic InfluencesIslamic Influences► Converts to Isla had Converts to Isla had
to read the Qur’anto read the Qur’an► 1076 Muslim 1076 Muslim
Almoravids Almoravids completed conquest completed conquest of Ghanaof Ghana
► Almoravid eventually Almoravid eventually left Ghanaleft Ghana
► War badly disrupted War badly disrupted gold-salt tradegold-salt trade
Empire of MaliEmpire of Mali► 1235 kingdom 1235 kingdom
emergedemerged►Mali’s wealth built on Mali’s wealth built on
goldgold► Trade routes shifted Trade routes shifted
eastward to Malieastward to Mali► Sundiata-Mali’s first Sundiata-Mali’s first
great leadergreat leader► Became Mali’s Mansa Became Mali’s Mansa
(emperor)(emperor)
Sundiata Conquers an Sundiata Conquers an EmpireEmpire
► Sundiata had a Sundiata had a period of peaceperiod of peace
► He had He had administrators for administrators for financefinance
► Promoted agriculture Promoted agriculture and the gold-salt and the gold-salt tradetrade
►Mali means where Mali means where the king livesthe king lives
Mansa MusaMansa Musa► Ruled from 1312-1332Ruled from 1312-1332► Skilled military leaderSkilled military leader► 100,000 man Army 100,000 man Army
protects against attackprotects against attack► Empire expanded to Empire expanded to
twice its sizetwice its size►Divided into provinces Divided into provinces
with governorswith governors
Mansa MusaMansa Musa► Went on a Hajj to MeccaWent on a Hajj to Mecca► Ordered new mosques Ordered new mosques
in Timuktuin Timuktu► Became most important Became most important
city in the empirecity in the empire JudgesJudges DoctorsDoctors ScholarsScholars Religious leadersReligious leaders Excellent universities and Excellent universities and
mosquesmosques
Travels of Ibn BattutaTravels of Ibn Battuta► 1352 successor to 1352 successor to
mans Musamans Musa► From tangierFrom tangier► Traveled for 27 Traveled for 27
years visiting most years visiting most Muslim countriesMuslim countries
► Traveled safely, Traveled safely, praised the Qur’anpraised the Qur’an
► Criticized for not Criticized for not following moral codefollowing moral code
Travels of Ibn BattutaTravels of Ibn Battuta► Left Mali in 1353Left Mali in 1353► Empire began to Empire began to
weaken weaken ► Successors lacked Successors lacked
the ability to governthe ability to govern►Gold trade shifted Gold trade shifted
as new fields were as new fields were foundfound
Empire of SonghaiEmpire of Songhai► East of MaliEast of Mali► Strong ArmyStrong Army► Sunni AliSunni Ali
Rule begins in 1464Rule begins in 1464 captures Timbuktucaptures Timbuktu Five years later took Five years later took
DjenneDjenne► Surrounded the city Surrounded the city
for 7 yearsfor 7 years►Married their queenMarried their queen
Askia MuhammadAskia Muhammad► 1492 after Sunni’s 1492 after Sunni’s
deathdeath►Drove Sunni Ali’s son Drove Sunni Ali’s son
from powerfrom power► Ruled for 37 yearsRuled for 37 years► Excellent administratorExcellent administrator► Centralized the Centralized the
governmentgovernment► Appointed officials to Appointed officials to
run the governmentrun the government
Askia MuhammadAskia Muhammad► Lacked modern Lacked modern
weaponsweapons► Arabs develop first Arabs develop first
gun to shoot arrowsgun to shoot arrows►Moroccan’s had Moroccan’s had
cannonscannons► Ends 1000 year Ends 1000 year
period of kingdoms period of kingdoms and empires ruled and empires ruled central Africacentral Africa
Other Peoples of West AfricaOther Peoples of West Africa►Hausa- group of Hausa- group of
people named after people named after their languagetheir language
► Appeared 1000-Appeared 1000-1200 Mali and 1200 Mali and SonghaiSonghai
►Hausa city-statesHausa city-states Vigorous slave tradeVigorous slave trade Traded horses, Traded horses,
harnesses, gunsharnesses, guns
Other Peoples of West AfricaOther Peoples of West Africa► All Hausa city-states All Hausa city-states
had similar had similar governmentgovernment
►Ministers and officials Ministers and officials check powercheck power
► Each city-state had an Each city-state had an army (mounted army (mounted horsemen)horsemen)
► Fighting between city-Fighting between city-states prevented and states prevented and empireempire
Yoruba Kings and ArtistsYoruba Kings and Artists► All spoke a common All spoke a common
languagelanguage►Number of small Number of small
city-states in Benincity-states in Benin► FarmersFarmers► Joined together to Joined together to
form several Yoruba form several Yoruba KingdomsKingdoms
Yoruba Kings and ArtistsYoruba Kings and Artists► Kings considered Kings considered
divinedivine►Descendants of IfeDescendants of Ife► Creator sent the first Creator sent the first
ruler to earthruler to earth► Sons became head of Sons became head of
Yoruba kingdomsYoruba kingdoms► Chiefs consider king Chiefs consider king
highest spiritual highest spiritual authorityauthority
Yoruba Kings and ArtistsYoruba Kings and Artists► Secret society Secret society
reviewed the king’s reviewed the king’s decisionsdecisions
► Ife and Oyo two Ife and Oyo two largest kingdomslargest kingdoms
► Ife most powerful Ife most powerful from 1100-1600from 1100-1600
► City dwellers crafts City dwellers crafts people and traderspeople and traders
Yoruba Kings and ArtistsYoruba Kings and Artists► Ife artistsIfe artists
Carved woodCarved wood Carved ivoryCarved ivory
► Terra cotta sculpturesTerra cotta sculptures► Sculptures caste in Sculptures caste in
metalmetal► Rulers supplied artistsRulers supplied artists► Clay and metal Clay and metal
portray rulers lifeportray rulers life
Kingdom of BeninKingdom of Benin►Delta of Niger RiverDelta of Niger River► Port of GwattoPort of Gwatto► Traded with Traded with
PortuguesePortuguese► First kings 1200’sFirst kings 1200’s►Descent from first Descent from first
king of Ifeking of Ife► Lagos, NigeriaLagos, Nigeria► Fortified with wallsFortified with walls
Kingdom of BeninKingdom of Benin► Huge palaceHuge palace► Artists createdArtists created
Brass heads of the Brass heads of the royal familyroyal family
Copper figurinesCopper figurines Brass plaques on wall Brass plaques on wall
showed historical showed historical scenes and deeds of scenes and deeds of noblesnobles
Learned from an Ife Learned from an Ife artistartist
Kingdom of BeninKingdom of Benin► 1480’s Portuguese 1480’s Portuguese
traded pepper, traded pepper, leopard skins, ivory leopard skins, ivory and enslaved personsand enslaved persons
► Began European Began European interference in Africainterference in Africa They enslaved AfricansThey enslaved Africans Seized territories for Seized territories for
coloniescolonies Prospered from tradeProspered from trade
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