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2. Nationalism replaces EmpireFascism, Decolonization, Racism, Genocide, Growth of International Organizations supplants politicaldivision of world into nation-states (early 21st century)
1. World War I, World War II:the hegemony of western Europe was broken by 1945and replaced by competition between two SUPERPOWERS
COLD WAR ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991
3. Revolutions Continue:Political Revolutions favor democracySocial Revolutions and social reform: changes in gender
roles, peasant protests, spread of Marxism, Communism, Socialism, religious fundamentalism
4. Globalization: economic, technological, scientific, and culturalMigration patterns (RESETTLEMENT)
Russian Revolution1917Chinese Revolution 1949
1900 to the Present…..
Period 6 Issue:
How do countries in conflict mobilize their resources for war?
0
1,000,0002,000,000
3,000,0004,000,0005,000,000
6,000,0007,000,000
8,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
World War I Casualties
Total casualties = 37 million
Your textbook:Total casualties = 15 million killed
20 million wounded
1918 Flu Epidemic
•Infected 500 million people around the world
•Killed 50-100 million of them
•Killed previously healthy young adults
•Early detection may have been masked by high death rate due to combat
Battle of Gallipoli April 25, 1915- January 9, 1916
• Russians asked for Allies to open eastern front to help fight the Ottomans
• British naval commander Winston Churchill thought it would be a good idea
• ANZAC troops/ British/ French/ India/ Newfoundland
• Defining moment for Colonel Mustafa Kemal (“Ataturk”)
• Ottoman casualties = 175,000 (an additional 65,000 from disease)
• Allies casualties = 188,000 (an additional 145,000 from disease)
Armenian Genocide 1915
•1.5 million ethnic Armenians murdered at the hands of the Ottoman Turks•Turks believed Armenians were providingaid to Russia….•First genocide of 20th century•Turkey routinely denies the atrocity…
Armistice Day: 11 am 11/11/1918
Paris Peace ConferenceTreaty of Versailles
Effects of World War I?
What was the intent of the League of Nations?
• First conflict of global proportions
• 15 million dead• 20 million wounded• End of four empires• Rise of nine new
countries• Massive global
dislocations• End of Europe’s
domination of globe
SELF-DETERMINATION!
WWI: Failure of the Leagueof Nations
Goal?Positives and Negatives?
COLLECTIVE SECURITY??
TerritorialChanges After the Great War
Balfour Declaration 1917?
1922
Post-War PessimismCrash of 1929Global DepressionEconomic ExperimentationThe New Deal
C 34: An Age of Anxiety: EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
•Psychoanalysis•Clinical way to treat patients•Free association•Transference•Dreams•Repression•Ego/Id/Super Ego
Albert Einstein(1879-1955)
•Theory of relativity•Thermal properties of light
Twenty One Demands 1915?
Mukden Incident 1932? AndThe League of Nations?
Why did the war spread to Asia, Africa and the Pacific? How were these areas influenced by the war?
How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power?
European powers sent troops and supplies to aid the Whites (anti-Communists)
Whites defeated in 1920 (10 million dead)
Vladimir Lenin = BOLSHEVIKSRapid Collectivization/ control of banksConfiscationsUNPOPULAR New Economic Policy (NEP)
* partial privatization* promotion of agriculture* promotion of industry* “Kulaks” and speculation
Centralized government/authoritarian
Stroke 1922Died 1924
Peasants who rose
to prosperity(wealthy)
Pages 802-810
1921: Reversal of War Communism
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)“Socialism in One Country”1924
vs. Leon Trotsky “international communist revolutions”
First FIVE YEAR PLAN 1928-1932 Massive Agricultural Collectivization (HEAVY Emphasize INDUSTRYUkrainian Famine 1932-1933De-kulakization = SECRET POLICENon-existence of consumer goodsThe GREAT PURGE: 8 million Soviets in
labor camps by 1939 (gulags)
Isolation
Ukraine 1929-1933:3 million died
Including 1 million children
Nikolai Yezhov, the young man walking with Stalin in the top photo from the 1930s, was shot in 1940.
Following his death, Yezhov was edited out of the photo by Soviet Censors. Such retouchingwas a common occurrence
during Stalin's rule.
The Great Purge: Results =
Arrests, 1937-1938 - about 7 millionExecuted - about 1 millionDied in camps - about 2 millionIn prison, late 1938 - about 1 millionIn camps, late 1938 - about 8 million
Global National Identity Crisis: India (Post- WW I)Promise of self determination was a powerful motivator!
PROBLEM: Quest for independence focused on independence
From British rule BUT was complicated by ethnic differences (Hindus and Muslims). National railroad led to increased communication, class of educated elite Indians =
REFORMIndian National Congress 1885, Muslim League 1906
Road to a SOLUTION:Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
(transformed the Indian National Congress on his return in 1915)
Moral philosophy of tolerance and non-violence (ahimsa)Passive resistance (satyagraha “truth and firmness”)
Armitsar Massacre 1919(British killed 379 unarmed protestors)
Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-1922(boycott of British goods- return to homespun cotton)
Civil Disobedience Movement 1930(more aggressive- protest on British authority =
The Salt March (240 miles)= led 50,000to the Sea to make salt illegally
The India Act 1937= autonomous legislatures in Congress/
Control under the British (failed)
C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America
Civil disobedience
and non-violence
India finally gains independence: 14 August 1947 (secular India/ Muslim Pakistan)
Global National Identity Crisis: China
PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat=
Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi)War lords remain powerfulRoad to a SOLUTION:
Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords
“The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.”
World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self-determination –thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead supported further
Japanese aggression ...May Fourth Movement
(Chinese students/ intellectuals rebel againstForeign Japanese aggression )
Communism =
Chinese Communist Party 1921 Mao Zedong
Nationalists =Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek(1887-1975)
Intermittent Civil War
Three Principles of the People:- Elimination of special
privileges for foreigners- National reunification- Economic development- Democratic republican
government basedon universal suffrage
JAPANMukden Incident 1931Japan invaded China(Manchuria)League of Nations does nothing
Global Depression weakens Europe…
Rape of Nanjing 1937(Dec 1937-March 1938)
Japanese bomb urban center 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 20,000 women raped 1/3 of all homes destroyed
Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940)
Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941)
China 1927-1936Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek
(Jiang Jieshi):
• Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of
the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy)= no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, democratic government, universal suffrage)•Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese masses• shunned partnership with the Communists (especially as the Chinese Communist party becomes more unified)• avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not connected to global economy
•Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still
in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat, could not ward off Japanese aggression
World War II?
Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949•Political radicalism opposition to arranged marriages• women’s equality and right to divorce campaigned against footbinding•Leader of the Long March (6215 miles) women’s equality/ socialism• ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)= RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION/
COLLECTIVIZATION of agriculture•Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution
Global National Identity Crisis: Africa
PROBLEM: Competing Interests** desire for some degree of economic and political
independence after WW I: differed from country to country** African interests conflict with desire by colonial powers to maintain
control = ECONOMIC MONOCULTURE
Road to a SOLUTION:-Victorious colonial powers maintained control - Previously self-sufficient African economies were
overpowered by European colonial powers- Europeans built businesses and prospered while Africans were used as forced labor
** African educated elite began to develop movement to support African nationalism (Jomo Kenyatta,
Marcus Garvey)** After WW II, Africans would demand
independence from colonial rule (Ghana = first to become independent in 1957)
Belgian Congo independent 1959Kenya independent 1963
Post WW IPost WWII
Persistent colonialism leads to “embryonic nationalist movements”
African National Congress 1912
•To promote unity and mutual co-operation between the government and the South African black people
•To maintain a channel between the government and the black people
•To promote the social, educational and political upliftment of the black people
•To promote understanding between chiefs, and loyalty to the British crown and all lawful authorities and to promote understanding between white and black South Africans
•To address the just grievances of the black people
Nelson Mandela: 1918-2013Imprisoned: 1964-1990 (President F.W. de Klerk reversed ban on ANC)
Nobel Peace Prize: 1993President: 1994 (first democratically elected
South African president)
Cardenas
Sandino
Diego Rivera
Taft
“Dollar
Diplomacy”
Roosevelt
“Good Neighbor”
Neo-Colonialism
"As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism."
— Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, 1965
Somoza
Castro
Nicaragua
Mexico
Cuba
Anastacio
Somoza
1930-1956
•Father of family
Dynasty that ruled
For over 40 years
•Personal fortune =
US$60 million
FDR: “Somoza may
be a son-of-a—bitch,
but he’s our son-of-a
bitch”
•50,000 killed
•120,000 exiled
•600,000 made homeless
Augusto Sandino
• Objected to
presence
of US Marines
• Killed in 1934
Sandinistas 1979
Nicaragua
Roosevelt Corollary 1904 formally renounced in 1933: “no state has the right to Intervene in the internal or external affairs of another”
1898: just beforeSpanish-Am War, Boxer Rebellion, Boer War
1945
EVERYONE will be assigned ONE of the time periods for review discussion-EVERYONE must however answer ALL questions.
Expectations for each Time Period Presentation Panel:
•Go through the Key Concepts and Answers to the Key Concept Questions for your time period•Be able to share with the class the issues/concepts that you feel are THE MOST IMPORTANT to remember for each time period•Be able to share issues/concepts that were the most confusing to you (2-3): explain them to us•Be prepared to share significant CHANGES and CONTINUITIES for the time period•Be prepared to review an issue/concept with the class that you think we didn’t address completely:
explain this issue/concept for us
Brave the wind and the waves, everything has remarkable abilities, 1958
Great Leap Forward 1958-1961
•Promoted industrial output over
agricultural production
•Result: an agrarian catastrophe that led to death by starvation of nearly 20 million people
•BLAME? Capitalist West…….
The commune is like a gigantic dragon, production is visibly awe-inspiring, 1959
Everybody comes to beat the sparrows, 1956
Eliminating the last sparrow, 1959
Cultural Revolution 1966-1976
• Goal was to purge all vestiges of western influence•Widespread government persecutions and
Re-education centers•Mao’s Red Guards: mostly teenagers given unlimited
powers/ only answer to Mao himself•Intentional mutilation of Red Book = death•Many high ranking Communist Party officials were killed•China reports 1 million killed BUT others say closer to 30 million
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)
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