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Use of GPS in Travel Surveys
Cost 355, WG3 – Annecy Conference, 26 May 2008Philippe Marchal and Pierre-Olivier Flavigny (INRETS)
Shuning Yuan (INRETS and ISL)
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Cost 355 contributions
Combining person based GPS tracking and prompted recall interviews for a comprehensive investigation of travel behaviour adaptation processes during life course transitions (Michael Flamm, Christophe Jemelin & Vincent Kaufmann– EPFL - LASUR Lausanne)
Development of an integrated person based GPS-aided travel survey system: solutions with and without GIS data layers (Martin Lee-Gosselin, Université Laval, Québec & The PROCESSUS Network, Canada)
The project « Lille Experiment » by ISL-Lavialle, Survey Institute (Shuning Yuan, INRETS and ISL)
GPS Subset in the French National Travel Survey (ENTD 2007-2008)
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Travel behaviour adaptation processes during life course transitions: aims
Provide a better understanding of the processes underlying behavioural changes during life course transitions
Reflect on possible modes of intervention for inducing behaviour change during life course transitions
Test an innovative survey design, combining person-based GPS tracking and qualitative prompted recall interviews
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Travel behaviour adaptation processes during life course transitions: first insights
Survey design offers unprecedented research opportunities for analysing learning processes (destination choices, route choices, experiences of new travel modes, etc.)
Social networks and personal practice strongly influence destination choice in unknown environment; some people use internet for identifying new activity locations
However: in general, people tend to minimize cognitive effort with regard to reorganizing their travel behaviour (except people who are concerned about environmental problems)
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The project « Lille Experiment » by ISL-Lavialle, Survey Institute
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Introduction of the Lille project
• Establish a comparison between the data collected in the
study « Mobimétrie 2004 » and the traces collected by
GPS in this project. • The experiment in Lille and its surrounding area in 2006 1 second/point
• Two waves (57+145 interviewees)
• Eurisko GPS receiverL1, C/A codes, 8 channels, 24 hours Autonomy , 16M SD card
five buttons (Walk or bicycle, automobile, public transport, study or work, home), no DOPs recorded
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Method for filtering the invalid recordings
The Method Acceleration-Speed (MAV)The Method Acceleration-Speed (MAV)Principal ideas
If “Vb” >> “Va” Then “C” is badly positioned.
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Method for filtering the invalid recordings
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Results of the project
Number of respondents
Number of
weeksNumber of recordings
Number of traces
obtained
Number of places found
Wave 1 57 114 7742534 3487 4423
Wave 2 145 187 13012716 5593 6864
Total 202 302 20 755 250 9080 11287
NumAdr NbRecordNbRecordFiltre % valid
21571 6520 5091 78
20027 17305 14359 82
21134 31467 27526 87
17499 162015 139525 86
15796 276904 250826 90
17992 324216 301363 92
19924 618692 567716 91
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Results of the projects
Number of respondents
Total traces
Average Number of
traces /day/capita
Average Distance
(km)
Average speed(km/h)
Survey 1week
83 2 360 4.1 5.3 15
Survey 2weeks
76 4 079 3.8 6.9 18
Total 159 6 439 3.9 6.3 17
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Distribution of the traces
on the main modes Number
of traces
Traces
(%)
Average Distance
(km)
Average Duration
(min)
Average Speed (km/h)
Auto, moto 2.103 36% 7,0 17 21
On foot, bike, roller
1.433 24% 5,6 17 15
Public Transport
131 2% 7,6 24 13
Undefined2.248 38% 5,5 18 14
Total/
average5.915 100% 6,1 17 17
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Purpose of the traces
Nomber of traces
Traces
(%)
Average Distance
(km)
Average Duratio
n
(min)
Average Speed
(km/h)
Work-Study
1.594 27% 5,9 18 17
Others 3.731 63% 6,6 18 17
Undefined 605 10% 2,7 13 10
Total/
Average5.930 100% 6,0 17 17
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Results of the project
Effect of survey duration on collected traces numberOverall : 6439 traces
389366
317
272296
374346
261 247
291323
294
340308
366
291 307245
251282273
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
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Overview of the French National Travel Survey (ENTD 2007-2008)
Sample ofdwellings
Respondents households
Individuals living in the selected household
Vehicle fleet[car, motorbike, moped, bicycle]
Kish
Daily trips
Long distance trips
GPS component
Vehicle diary
Biography
Primary utility of travel
Design
Key figures
Sample size : approx. 19 000 responding households
Duration : one full year (6 waves)
2 visits
Total length of interview : 115 mn
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Firstface-to-face
interview
Secondface-to-face
interview
The interviewer givesthe « GPS Pack » to the
respondent and explains how touse it
Global survey
Volunteer for GPS ?(and GPS unit available)
The respondent travels and the GPSunit records trips
The respondent gives the« GPS Pack »
back to the interviewer
At the end of the global CAPI,brief additional questionnaire
CAPI-GPS
The interviewer checks the GPS,reloads it: the equipment is ready for
a new interview
Immediately : the interviewerdownloads the GPS data
on his computer(Bluetooth connection)
No
General scheme of the GPS component
GPS component
Day D Day D + 7 (or more)
Yes
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Equipment and documents for respondents and interviewers
GPS unit
A/C adapter
“User manual” (one page)
Given to the respondents Given to the interviewers
SD Card MemoryPlaced in the laptop card reader from the beginning to the end of the survey
Bluetooth USB AdapterInserted before downloading the data (at each interview)
Manual for the Interviewer (2 pages)
17
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Presentation of the GPS units selected
• Passive monitoring: the respondant has no graphical interface, for road safety and to avoid an influence of GPS on travel behavior, etc.
• Only one button: on/off. The respondent has the possibility to skip some trips, if desired (for confidentiality reasons)
• No data transmitted on real-time: the device is only a datalogger. Data transmitted to the interviewer's laptop during the second visit, and deleted inside the unit
• Two types of GPS unit: 100 « normal » and 70 modified, with movement detection and blinking mode
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French Regions with aGPS sub-sample
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CAPI-GPS design
Computational analysis ofdownloaded GPS data
Selection of days and trips
Day without GPS record
“During this day, we have nodata recorded, could you tellwhy ?”:
-I’ve forgotten the GPS unit-Unit off-Absolutely no trip-Problem with the GPS unit(battery)
Recorded trips duringone selected day
Prompted recall with tripcharacteristics (day of the week,date, departure time, duration,nearest origin and destinationpoints, time spent), then thefollowing questions:
1 : « For what purpose ? »2 : « Number of accompanyingpersons ? »3 : « Means of transport used ? »
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A data collection framework with three combined measurement tools
How trips caracteristicsfor days with no CAPI-GPS and limited conventional questionnaire
can be derived from raw GPS data ?
Conventional questionnaire GPS traces CAPI-GPS
- Socio-economic caracteristics
- Last w-e trips
- Last day trips
- etc.
Time-stamped positions Days without any GPS record:Why ?
Selection of recorded trips:-Purpose ?-Number of accompanying persons ?-Transport modes ?
How trips caracteristicsfor days with no CAPI-GPS
can be derived from raw GPS data ?
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Work in progress
•Trip estimation from the GPS recordingsoTraces segmentation (smaller and homogenous segments)
oAnalyse segment ends, and link them to a trip
•Modes and trip purpose estimation
•Incomplete and missing trips estimation
•Modal map-matching
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Thank you !
INRETS French NTS Team:
Jimmy ARMOOGUM,Jean-Paul HUBERT,Philippe MARCHAL,Pierre-Olivier FLAVIGNY,Shuning YUAN,Sophie ROUX,Jean-Loup MADRE,Francis PAPON
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