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1' uQ,sl woyi
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla hkq l=ulao@
cd;sl wd¾Ólhla hkq ixlS¾K fohls' tÈfkÞ .;hq;=
;SrK oY ,CI .Kkska we;' tkï( wm ksIamdokh l<
hq;af;a fukjdo @ wm msßkeñh hq;af;a l=uk fiajdjka
o@ fl;rï m%udKhla wm ksIamdokh l< hq;=o @ tys
m%;sM, ,eìh hq;af;a ldgo @ l=uk ñ,lg o @
2 3
tfyhska" uQ,sl wd¾Ól ;SrK .; hq;af;a rdcHh fkdj"
ta .ek jvd fyd¢ka okakd ckhd úiska h' ke;fyd;a Tn
úiskah hkak iïnkaOfhka fndfyda rgj,a tlÕ fõ'
tfy;a Tn muKla fkdfõ' wd¾Ólh ish¨ idudðlhkag
m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka ksIamdokh l< hq;af;a l=ulao
hkak fyda ñ,g .; hq;af;a l=ulao hkak ;SrKh lsÍfï
ksoyi we;' ish¨ wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï ixúOdkh lrkq
,nkafka zfj<|fmd<Z hkqfjka wm úiska y÷kajkq
,nkak ;=< h' fj<Þï fmd< hkq ñ,g .kakka yd
úl=Kkakka yuq jk ;ek jk mßÈu" fj<|fmd< hkq
b,a¨u yd iemhqu yuqjk ia:dkhhs' b,a¨u yd iemhqu
úiska ñ, ks¾Kh flf¾' fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=<
;SrKd;aul o¾Ylh jkafka ñ,hs' b;du jeo.;a lreK
kï th l=uk NdKav yd fiajdjka wjYHo@ hkak .ek
f;dr;=re imhhs'
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< isák ckhdg uqo,a bmhsu
wjYH h' ,dNhla ,nd .ekSug;a Tjqkag wjYHh' th
l< yelafla flfiao hkak Tjqyq fyd¢kau oks;s' Tjqyq
wkHhska iu. ;rÕ lr;s' wkHhskag jvd fyd¢ka
lghq;= lr .ekSug;a Tjqyq W;aidy or;s' fm!oa.,sl
;SrK yd ;rÕh u; mokï jQ wd¾Ólhla —fj<|fmd<
wd¾Ólh˜ hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí' wm okakd ;rug"
l%shd;aul fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla jvd;au ld¾hCIu
f,i iïm;a fjka lsßu iy;sl lrhs'
wdKavqj fï ish¨ ;SrK .ekSu jvd;au fyd|hehs we;eï
rdcHhka l,amkd l<y' ta wkqj tu rdcHhkaf.a wdKavq
ck;dj ksIamdokh l< hq;af;a l=ulao" ksIamdokh l<
hq;af;a l=uk m%udKhla o hkak Tjqkag lSy' tu wdKavq
ish¨ NdKav yd fiajdjkag ñ, kshu lf<dah' tfy;a fï
—wd{d wd¾Ólhka˜ lsisjla fï olajd t;rï id¾:l ù
ke;' we;a; jYfhka" tajdf.ka jeäu yßh" m%Odk
fldgu fidaúhÜ ix.uh" 1990 .Kka j, uq,a yßfha §
ì| jegqfKah' wo il, wd¾Ól l%shdldÍ;ajhu md,kh
lsÍug fnfyúkau W;aidy lrk rgj,a lsysmhla ;sfí'
W;=re fldßhdj yd lshqndj Bg WÞyrK fõ' tfy;a tu
rgj,;a t;rï wd¾Ól id¾:l;ajhla ke;'
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla mokï jkafka ksoyia
f;dard .ekSï yd ;rÕh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh u;h
4 5
,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< ;sfnkjdg
jeä ld¾hNdrhla iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla
;=< rdcHhg we;'
fï ;ek olajd" ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla fhdackd
lrk jeäu fokd tlÕ jkq we;' flfia jqjo" rdcHh
l< hq;af;a fumuKlehs Tjqyq úYajdi lr;s' rdcHh
uQ,sl kS;s rduqj iemhsh hq;=h' we;eï ÿIalr;d iukh
l< hq;=h' bkamiq fj<|fmd< j,g tajdfha úÊcdj
lsÍug bv Èh hq;=h' ,snr,a wd¾Ólhla ;=< wjOdkh
fhduq jkafka mqoa.,hdf.a ksoyig h' rdcHfha weÕs,s
.eiSu jeäjk ;rug" th mqoa., ksoyi iSud lrk
nj;a" fj<|fmd< l%ufha l%shdldÍ;ajfha ld¾hCIu;dj
wvq jk nj;a ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha foaYlfhda
;¾l lr;s'
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh fhdackd lrk wh ta woyig
n,j;a fia úreoaO jkq we;' Bg fnfyúka jeä ld¾h
Ndrhla rdcHhg we;ehs o rdcHh fm!oa.,sl ksoyi
tla;rd m%udKhlg iSud l< hq;= hehs o Tjqyq lsh;s'
fuh ksrjoH hehs fmkakqï lsÍu wjYHhhs Tn
is;kafkys o@ tfyhska rdcHh flnkaola úh hq;=o hkak
foi jvd;a ióm ne,aula fy<Sug m%:u fldgu rdcHh
tu m%h;akh oeßh hq;af;a ukaoehs hkak f;areï .ekSug
wms W;aidy lr n,uq'
fj<|fmd<j,a l%shd;aul jkafka
tajdg ßis mßÈ o @
ke;' rduqj kshu lsÍug rdcHhla wjYHh' rdcHh uQ,sl
há;, myiqlï" WÞyrKhla jYfhka mdrj,a yd
wdrCIdj iemhsh hq;= fõ' ck;djg uQ,sl wOHdmkhla
,eîu i|yd ysñlï lSug;a" Tjqkag l%shd lsÍfï
^WÞyrKhla jYfhka fldka;%d;a;= w;aika lsÍfï& yd
;u foam< .ek ;SrK .ekSfï ksoyi ;sfnk nj;a"
m%udKj;a ;rÕhla ;sfnk nj;a rch iy;sl l< hq;=h'
;jo wikSm ksid fyda" /lshdjla fidhd .; fkdyels
ùu ksid fyda" fnfyúka uy¿lu ksid fyda fj<|fmd<
ls%hdj,shg iyNd.S úh fkdyels ckhd .ek rdcHh
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' rch fï ckhdg rCIKfha fyda
jkaÈ l%uj, iajrEmfhka hï uQ,sl wdrCIK l%uhla
msßkeñh hq;=h'
uQ,sl há;,myiqlï
uQ,sl wd¾Ól ;SrK
mqoa.,slwxYh
fj<|fmd<
6 7
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh mokï jkafka ish¨
fokdyg iu ksoyi ms<sn| woyi u;h'
tfy;a Tng lsisÿ foam<la ke;akï l=ula fõo@ iudc
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha wdÈ l¾;Djreka weiQ m%Yakh
thhs' fyd|hs" Tng f.or ueiQ à I¾Ü fj<|fmdf<a
úlsKSug wjYH lrk uyk ueIsula Tng ke;s jqj;a"
Tng lEu wjYHh' tfyhska Tn /lshdjla fidhd .ekSu
wjYH h' yÈisfhau yd fkdje<elaúh yels f,i" Tn
fiajd fhdaclfhl= u; rÞ mej;sh yel' úh yelalla
kï fiajdfhdaclhdg fuu ;;a;ajfhka whq;= m%fhdack
.ekSug;a" Tyqg isf;k isf;k fõ,djg Tfnka jev
.ekSug fyda ydiHckl ;rï my< jegqma Tng f.ùug
Tng fl;rï ksoyia ùula wjYH o@
we;a; jYfhka u" fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< ish¨ ;ks
l%shdldßlhskag ksoyiaj lghq;= l< yels úh hq;= fõ'
Tng wjYH foa lsÍug" lSug yd úYajdi lsÍug Tng
bv Èh hq;=h' foam< wh;aj isàfï yd Tfí foam< Tng
leu;s mßÈ mdúÉÑ lsÍfï ksoyi Tng ;sìh hq;=h'
wdkak" ksoyia m%c;ka;%jdoh kï thhsæ Tng hï frÈ
m%udKhla yd uyk hka;%hla we;akï" kj ;d,fha à
I¾Ü álla uid tajd fj<|fmdf<a úlsKSug" Tng wjYH
kï th lrkak' Tng fi!Nd.Hh WÞ fõjdæ
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh
8 9
iudk ksoyils' ,snr,ajd§ka fuka fkdj" iudc
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha foaYlfhda" foam< ms<sn| ksoyi
wkHhskaf.a ksoyi flfrys n,mdk ;eka j,§ foam<
ksoyi iSud l< hq;=hhs ;¾l lr;s' foam< iudc
ikao¾Nhla ;=< mdúÉÑ fõ kï tu foam< iïnkaOj
j.lsï we;' th fmdÿ hym;g fya;= úh hq;=h' th
M,Þhl f,i mdúÉÑ l< hq;=h' tys mdúÉÑh
wkHhskaf.a w,dNhg fya;= fkdúh hq;=h' WÞyrKhla
jYfhka" Tn Tfí uyk ueIska oyh fhdod frÈ
lïy,la mj;ajdf.k hf;d;a" hï Y%u m%ñ;Skag bv
ie,iSug Tng isÿ fõ' rdcHh iudcfha hym; i|yd
Tfí foam< j,ska fldgila ^WÞyrKhla jYfhka nÿ
jYfhka& .kS kï" th o Tn ms<s.; hq;= fõ'
udkj ysñlï i;= ld¾h Ndrh l=ula o@
by; i|yka ksoyia ysñlï cd;Hka;r kS;sh úiska
wdrCId fldg we;' 1966 § tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
—isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r
iïuq;shla˜ ia:dms; lf<ah' l:d lsÍfï ksoyi" l%shd
lsÍfï ksoyi" foam< ms<sn| wd§ jQ fï whs;Ska wdrCId
lsÍug cd;Syq 152 la tlÕ jQy'
tfy;a" Tng lEug m%udKj;a fohla fkdue;s kï"
ke;fyd;a Tn lsis lf,l mdie,a fkd.sh fyhska o"
Tng kS;sh lshùug fkdyels kï" Tfí foaYmd,k
whs;Ska .ek Tn tfyug Wkkaÿ fj;ehs Tn is;kafkys
o@ meyeÈ,sju" wd¾Ól yd wOHdmksl wiudklï Tfí
bv ;sfnk njhs' tfia fj;;a Tfí wdydrh ñ,g
.ekSug Tng uqo,a wjYH kï Tng l< yelafla l=ulao@
tfia kï Tn ú¢k ksoyfia ;;ajh l=ulao@ Tng
nrm;, f,iu /lshdj wjYH kï" Tng ´kEu
fldka;%d;a;=jla" .súiqula ms<s.ekSug isÿ fõ' ßis fia
f;dard .ekSfï yd l%shd lsÍfï Tfí ksoyi fndfyda fia
iSud iys; nj yÈisfhau fmkS hhs' tfia fkdfõo@
foam< ksid j.lSï we;s fõ' foam< fmdÿ hym;g
fya;= úh hq;=h'
whq;= m%fhdackhg .kq ,eîfï" iqrd lkq ,eîfï fuu
wjÞku ksid" iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh mokï ù
we;af;a ksoyi ms<sn| fujka fjkia f;areï .ekSula
u; h' flfia kuq;a tys wruqK kï ish,a,ka i|yd
10 11
WÞyrKhla jYfhka" fï .súiqu w;aika l< rdcH 149
my; oelafjk lreKq iy;sl lsÍug tlÕ jQy'
- iudc yd wd¾Ól iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| whs;sh'
- jev lsÍfï whs;sh yd fyd| jegqmla bmhSfï whs;sh'
- iudc iqrCIs;;dj yd id.skafkka f;drùfï ksoyi
ms<sn| whs;sh'
- uQ,sl fmdÿ oE i|yd we;s whs;sh' ^WÞyrK jYfhka
wOHdmkh" fi!LHh wdÈh&
- jevmf,a§ udkj .re;ajh wdrCId lsÍu'
- lïlre whs;Ska yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s whs;Ska wdrCId
lsÍu'
m%Odk ld¾ñl rgj,a lsysmfhka tlla jk wefußld
tlai;a ckmoh wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska
ms<sn| .súiqu ;ju w;aika lr ke;' fuh hï whqrlska
;uka wkq.ukh lrk m%;smodjkag hg;a msßfihska
wjxl ùuls' ukaoh;a wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" isú,a yd
foaYmd,k whs;Ska wdrCId lsÍu wkkH f,iu kshu
lrk ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl wdlD;sh wkq.ukh
lrk fyhsks' wks;a me;af;ka n,k l," iudc
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka wruqKq lrkafka udkj ysñlï
myu wdrCId lsÍug yd iu;=,kh lsÍug;a tu.ska hï
wdldrhl iudc idOdrKhla iemhSuh;a h'
foAYmd,k whs;Ska Ndú;d lsÍug ndOd lrhs' ks;e;ska u
yqÿ foaYmd,khlg jvd jeä fndfyda oE ñksia Ôú;hg
wÞ<j .eíj we;' tfyhska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
—wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r
iïuq;sh˜ hkqfjka udkj ysñlï ms<sn| fojeks
lÜg,hla ms<sfh, lf<ah'
whs;Ska ms<sn| fï fojeks ,ehsia;=j fl;rï wx.
iïmQ¾K o hkak .ek Tn mqÿuhg m;a jkq we;'
rdcHhka isú,a" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd
ixialD;sl hk udkj ysñlï moaO;s my wdrCId
l< hq;=h'
12 13
fm!oa.,sl ;;a;ajhka yd wdl,amhka u; r\ mj;S'
tfyhska iudc idOdrKh jekakla we;s lsÍug jEhï
lrk iudchla m%:u fldgu ta ms<sn| fmdÿ wjfndaOhla
we;s lr .; hq;= fõ' iudc idOdrKh hkafkka wm
woyia lrkafka l=ula o@ th wm w;am;a lr.; hq;af;a
fln÷ wdldrhlska o@
iudc idOdrKh hkq iudk bv m%ia;d yd
Ôú;fha iudk wjia:d ms<sn| lreKls'
tla fmdÿ m%fõYhla kï iudk bv m%ia;d yd Ôú;fha
iudk wjia:d yeáhg iudc idOdrKhg ks¾jpkhla
§uh' fyd| wOHdmkhla yd fyd| /lshdjla ,eîug
ckdêm;sf.a ÿjg we;s wjia:dj Tng;a ;sìh hq;= w;r
,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka ks;ru wjOdrKh
lrkafka isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska iy;sl lsÍug
muKs'
Tn fï m%Yakhg myiq ms<s;=rla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ kï
n,dfmdfrd;a;= lv ùulg iqÞkï jkak' kslï
ñks;a;=jla .; fldg Tfíu ks¾jpkh is;d .ekSug
jEhï lrkak' ñks;a;=jla m%udKj;a ke;s nj Tng
blauKskau fmkS hd yelsh' Tn fhdackd lrk ms<s;=r yd
tlÕ fkdjk fndfyda fofkl= isá;ehs Tng wfmaCId
l< yelsh' Tn iudc idOdrKh ms<sn| ta m%Yakh 100
fofkl=f.ka weiqfjd;a úúO ks¾jpk 100 la ,efnkag;a
th uksk wdldrh ms<sn| fhdackd Bg;a jeä ixLHdjla
,efnkag;a bv ;sfí' iudc idOdrKh ms<sn| woyia
14 15
wOHCIjrfhl= ;=< we;af;a Tyqf.a ßhÿrd ;=< we;sjdg
jvd fjk;a woyila hhs is;d .ekSug t;rï ÿrÈ. hd
hq;= fkdfõ' úúO ´ke tmdlï iu;=,kh lsÍu i|yd
hym;a yd i¾j.%dyS (inclusive) foaYmd,k l%shdj,shla
wjYHh' hym;a yd mj;ajdf.k hd yels iu:hla fidhd
.ekSug yels jkq i|yd iEu flfkl=u ;u u;h m%ldY
l< hq;=h' fuys § wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Skag
^iudc idOdrKhgæ& kej;;a isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska
yuq fõ' my; oelafjk f,aLKfhka oelsh yels mßÈ
whs;Ska moaO;Ska folgu tlsfkl wjYH fõ' udkj
ysñlï moaO;s my wfkHdkH jYfhka tlsfkl u; rÞ
mj;S'
i|yd wjYH fõ'
i|
yd
wjY
H fõ
'
i|yd wjYH fõ'
i|
yd w
jY
H fõ'
isú,a yd
foaYmd,k
whs;Ska
wd¾Ól" iudc
yd ixialD;sl
whs;Ska
iudc idOdrKh
ms<sn|
tlÕ;djh
i¾j.%dyS(inclusive)
foaYmd,kl%shdj,sh
fyd| Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd Tng we;s wjia:dju
wehg;a ;sìh hq;=h' ta wkqju" WÞyrK jYfhka wikSm"
yÈis wk;=re" f.hla ke;slu" ú/lshdj wd§ Ôú;fha
wjÞkï j,ska iEu flfkl=gu tl iudk wdrCIdjla
ie,ish hq;=h'
iudc idOdrKh we;s lr .; yelafla
flfiao @
iudc idOdrKh iy;sl lsÍfuys ,d m%Odk ld¾h Ndrh
bgq l< hq;af;a rdcHh úisks' flfia fj;;a th ÿIalr
jHdhduhls' Tn whqla;sh iu lrkafkys kï yd ;=,kh
lrkafkys kï" we;eï wh mrdch jkq we;' fjk;a wh
ch .kq we;' fï khska" iudc idOdrKh ms<sn|j nexl=
16 17
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla mokï jkafka
iu.sh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh u; h'
tu ksid iudc idOdrKh ms<sn|j ms<s.;yels uÜgul
jk iudc jHdma; (society-wide) tlÕ;ajhla fidhd
.ekSu flfrys Wkkaÿjla iEu flfkl= ;=<u we;'
ls%hd;aul jkakdjQ l%uhla ;=< ks;e;ska u tys jeishka
wjfndaO lr.kq ,nk lreKla jkqfha" Tjqka ish,q fokd
wfkHdakH iyfhda.h i|yd iQodkï kï Tjqka ish¨
fokdgu jvd;a hym;a ;;a;ajhla Wodúh yels njhs'
flfia fj;;a wjidkfha § wm ish¨ fokd isákafka
tlu fndaÜgqjl h'
—mrdð;hska˜ kuH-;=,khlg (compromise) tlÕ úh
hq;af;a ukao@ fufiah( iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh
ms<sn| ;¾lh fhdackd lrkakkag zzñksidZZ iïnkaOfhka
we;af;a ,snr,ajd§ka ;=< we;sjdg jvd fjkia woyils'
Tn ie,ls,su;a úh hq;af;a Tfíu hmy; .ek muKla
fkdj" Tfí ñ;=rkaf.a" wi,a jeishkaf.a yd md,u hg
ksÞ .kakd uy¨ ÿmam;df.a;a hym; .ek o nj Tjqyq
wjOdrKh lr;s' wjidkfha § Tn Tfí m%:u oY ,CIh
Wmhdf.k ;snqK;a" hï wdldrhl iudc iduhla .ek
Tn ;j ÿrg;a Wkkaÿ jkq we;' fldfydug;a Tng" Tfí
ksjfia jeg whsfka oÕ,k fldam jQ ysÕkakka rxpqjla
iys;j" È<skaokaf.a ke.sàul wk;=r we;s lrjd .ekSug
wjYH ke;'
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh
18 19
ksoyia mdßfNda.sl f;dard .ekSu ms<sn| wruqKq mQ¾K
fiajd kshqla;sh" mßir úoHd;aul Tfrd;a;= fok iq¿ nj
yd §¾> ld,Sk wd¾Ól bv m%ia:d ms<sno wruqKq iu.
.efgkag bv ;sfí'
l%uh mokï ù we;af;a m%cd;dka;%sl idrO¾u"
iyfhda.s;dj yd iudc yjq,aldß;ajh o" ish¨
mqrjeishka ;uka .ek Wkkaÿ jkq muKla fkdj" fmdÿ
hym; yd iudc iduh .ek;a ie,ls,su;a jk nj o hk
lreKq u; h'
zzjvd;a yels ;dla m%udKhlg u fj<|fmd< iy
wjYH úh yels ;dla m%udKhg u rdcHhZZ
(As much market as possible, as much state as
necessary) 1966-72 ld, mßÉfþofha" wd¾Ólh ms<sn|
weu;sj isá ld,a Is,¾" fj<|fmd< yd rdcHhka w;r
m%Yia; iu;=,kh .ek
iudc yd ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka w;r we;s
we;eï uQ,sl fjkialï my; oelafjk j.=fjka
iïmsKavkh flf¾'
tfia kï iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh hkq
l=ula o@
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=<" rdcHh yd iudch
fj<|fmd< l%ufha ld¾hCIu;djfhka m%fhdack f.k"
mqoa.,hdf.a ksoyig fiajh lrkq msKsi th ilia lr
.ks;s'
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh hkq m,ÞhS;djh yd
iudc wruqKq w;r ksjerÈ iu;=,kh fidhd
.ekSu ms<sn| lreKls'
iudc yd foaYmd,k l%shdj,Ska ;=< fj<|fmd<j,a z.eí
ùZ we;' rdcH yd iudc l%shdlrefjda fj<|fmd<
l%shdldrlï iïnkaëlrKh lr;s' fj<|fmd<
hka;%Khka yev .eiS we;af;a ish¨ mqrjeishka i|yd
iudk Ôjk wjia:djka iq/flk mßÈ yd hï whqrl
iudc idOdrK;ajhlg u. mEfok whqßks' iudc
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl wjidk wruqK kï foaYmd,k"
isú,a" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl yd iudc ñksia whs;Ska wdrCId
lsÍu h'
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh myiq jÜfgdarejla fkdfõ'
th l%shdj,shls' th kuH-;=,khla (compromise) we;s
lr .ekSu yd ksjerÈ iu;=,kh fidhd .ekSu ms<sn|
jQjls' iudc idOdrKh yd iudc iqrCIs;;dj iu.
m<ÞhS;djh yd j¾Okh o" kuH;dj yd kùlrKh o
iu;=,kh úh hq;=h' by< k.sk Ôjk ;;a;ajhka yd
20 21
m%:u mßÉfþofhka Tn W.;af;a l=ula o@ tfyug
fohla ke; fyd|hs" hg;a msßfihska" Tn my; i|yka
lreKq u;l ;nd .; hq;=h( wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï
ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd we;s b;du ld¾hCIu hdka;%Kh
kï fj<|fmd<j,a h' tfy;a tajdfha m%;sM, i¾j
iudc fj<|fmd<wd¾Ólh
foaYmd,kfha
uQ,sl;ajh(
iïnkaëlrKh lrk
,o fj<| wd¾Ólh
úYaj ksoyi ( ish¨
fokd i|yd iudk
ksoyi
m<Þhs;dj yd iudc
wruqKq w;r iu;=,kh
m%n, Y=N idOk
rdcHh
udkj ysñlï moaO;s
myu wdrCId lsÍu
,snr,a fj<|fmd<wd¾Ólh
fj<|fmd<j,
uQ,sl;ajh(
iïnkaëlrKh
fkdlrk ,o fj<|
wd¾Ólh
ksfIaOd;aul ksoyi (
mqoa.,hd i|yd Wmßu
ksoyi
m<ÞhS;dj flfrys
wjOdrKh
uQ,sl iudc
iqrCIs;;dj
isú,a yd foaYmd,k
ysñlï u; mokï jk
úfYaI wjOdrKh
2' rdcHfha ld¾hNdrh
COSMEC
22 23
jeo.;a WmlrK foi o jvd;a ióm f,i n,kakg wms
W;aiql fjuq'
rdcHhka mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh iy;sl
lrkafka flfiao @
iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu jev lsÍfï whs;sh we;' ta ta"
/lshd ksid uqo,a o tfyhska lEug hula o ,efnk ksid
muKla fkdj" /lshdjla ksid ukqIHhskag wruqKla
ms<sn| ye.Sula o iudch ;=< ld¾h Ndrhla o ,efnk
fyhsks' tfia kï fldiafula mqrjeishka i|yd fï udkj
ysñlu iy;sl l< yelafla flfiao @
jev lsÍfï ysñlu iEu flfkl=gu we;(
mqrjeishkag /lshdjla fidhd .ekSug wdOdr
ùug rdcHhkag yelsh'
iïmQ¾K fkdfõ' fj<|fmd<j,a l%shd;aulj ;nd .ekSu
i|yd hï m%h;akhla wjYHh' ish¨ mqrjeishkayg
ysñlï lsjyels udkj ysñlï moaO;s myu iy;sl lrkq
msKsi rch úiska fj<|fmd<j,a yev.eiaùu yd
W!kmqrKh lrkq ,eîu ´kE flf¾' Tn fuh
ms<s.kafkys o@
Tn th ms<s.ksf;d;a Tng iqN me;=ï! ukaoh;a túg Tn
fuu.ska fldiafula ^COSMEC, The Country of Social
Market Economy / iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha rg& kï
rdcHfhys ckdêm;s hhs fudfyd;lg Wml,amkh fldg
n,uq' i;=gq o@ fyd|hs" ´kEjg jvd l,n, fkdjkak(
Tn l< hq;= l¾;jHhka bÈßfhys we;'
wfkll= úiska hula lrk úg § ta .ek .=K fodia lSu
Tng ir, jqj;a th lrjkafka Tn kï h:d¾:hka
;rula fjkia j. kï fkdwkqudk h' wm fuf;la
idlÉPd l< iudc fjf<|fmd, wd¾Ólh foi wm ±ka
uola m%dfhda.sl msúiqulska olskakg W;aidy lruq'
pß; /Õ=u ( fuu mßÉfþofha §" Tn iudc
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhg lem jQ rdcHhla jQ
fldiafula ys ckdêm;s ù hhs is;kak' Tn l<
hq;= jkafka l=ula o@
bÈß msgq lsysmfha § rdcHh foi o rdcHhka ;u
ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍu i|yd iq,Nj Ndú;d lrk we;eï
iqÿiqlï
24 25
lSkaiaf.a m%;sm;a;s( j¾Okhka mj;sk ld,hkays §
b;sß lsÍu iy w¾nQo iuhkays § úhoï lsÍu
ta iïnkaOfhka l< yels hula Tng ;sfí' óg wjqreÿ
ishhlg muK fmr fcdaka fïkdâ lSkaia fj<| pl%
m%;sm;a;Ska fhdackd lf<ah' ta woyi ir,h( iuDêu;a
ld,hkays § Tn uqo,a b;sß l< hq;=h' w¾nQoh meñKs
iEu flfkl= i|ydu /lshd ks¾udKh lsÍug fyda jeä
fofkl= fiajhg .ekSug fiajd fhdaclhskag n, lsÍug
Tng fkdyelsh' tu.ska fj<|fmd< uQ,O¾uhka
W,a,x>kh jkq we;' tfy;a fjk;a fndfyda rdcHhka
fuka" Y%u m%j¾Ok lghq;=j, fh§ug Tng yelsh'
WÞyrKhla jYfhka" /lshd ke;s ckhd /lshdjka ys
mqyqKq lsÍug rcfha wdh;k msysgqúh yel' ke;fyd;a
jD;a;sh WmfoaYkh yd mqyqKqj msßkeófuka wkd.;fha
/lshd i|yd iqÿiqlï ,eîug Tjqkag wdOdr l< yel'
Bg wu;rj" ksrka;r /lshd iemhqula ;sîu o Tn
iy;sl l< hq;=h' tys f;areu kï( wd¾Ólh fyd¢ka
mej;Su iy;sl lrkak hkakhs !
wd¾Ólh ia:djr lsÍu rdcHhkag l<
yelafla flfia o@
l,a h;au" b;du iuDêu;a wd¾Ólhka mjd pl%hka
Tiafia .uka lrhs' tajd by<g o my<g o kej;;a
by<g o .uka lrhs' tajd msßySïj,g o bka miq
j¾Okhkag o wd§ jYfhka uqyqK fohs' j¾Okhkag
lsisfjl=;a wi;=gq fkdjk w;r" w¾nQo ksid Tfí
mqrjeishka iuyfrl=g nrm;, m%;súmdl we;s ùug;a
Tjqkaf.a Ôjk bv m%ia;d flfrys wys;lr n,mEï we;s
ùug;a bv we;'
26 27
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a yd c.;a lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;Skag
wkqj" iEu lïlrefjl=gu hym;a jegqmla bmhSug;a
hym;a ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jev lsÍug;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s
úiska ksfhdackh lrkq ,eîug;a whs;shla we;'
jD;a;sh iñ;s whs;sjdislï" iudc yjq,aldß;ajh
yd iu-ks¾Kh (Co-determination) hkq iudc
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl jeo.;a n, lKq fõ'
fndfyda rdcHhka Y%u fj<|fmd< u; fr.=,dis mkj;s'
tkï fiajhg .kakd yd wia lrk wdldrh ^fkrmkq
,eîfuka wdrCId lsÍu& .ek iy fiajd fldkafoais
ms<sn|j' tf,iu jev lsßfï Wmßu meh .Kk"
wdrCIl m%ñ;Ska" m%iQ; ksjdvq" ia;%S mqreI
iudkd;au;djh wdÈh iy;sl lrk kS;s tajdg we;'
flfia jqjo Y%uh iïnkaO ish¨ m%Yak .ek ;ksj ;SrK
.ekSu Tn wjYHfhkau isÿ l< hq;= fkdfõ' WÞyrKhla
úg" NdKav yd fiajdjka ñ,g .ekSu i|yd Tn ta b;sß
lrk ,o uqo,a mdúÉÑ l< hq;=h' uyck b,a¨u we;s
lsÍfuka Tn wd¾Ólh mqnqÿjkafkys h' lSkaiaf.a woyia
fh§fuka Tn wd¾Ól pl%hka iquqÿ lrkq we;' j¾Okhka
t;rï úYd, fkdjkq we;' tfy;a w¾nQohka o t;rï
krl fkdjkq we;'
wo fndfyda rdcHhka hï wdldrhl wd¾Ól
ia:djr;ajhla we;s lr .ekSu .ek Wkkaÿ fj;s'
WÞyrKhla jYfhka c¾uka rch 1967 § zzia:djr;aj
.súiquZZ kï iïuq;shlg tlÕ úh' thg wkqj" rdcHh
ia:djr ñ, .Kka o by< fiajd kshqla;shla o f.jqï
fYaIhla o iy;sl l< hq;=h' m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj,a
fndfyduhlau zzia:djr ñ, .KkaZZ ^bka woyia
flfrkafka my< WoaOukhls& idudkHfhka" uy nexl=
úiska wëCIKh lrkq ,efí' fldiafula (COSMEC)
rdcHh óg jH;sf¾Lhla fkdfõ hehs Tn Wml,amkh
l<fyd;a ckdêm;s ùfuka miqj;a Tng uqo,a wÉpq
.ikakd wi,gj;a hd fkdyels ù isàu .ek" fuh
lshjk .uka Tng hï n,dfmdfrd;a;= lv jqKq yeÕSula
we;súh yel'
lïlre whs;Ska iy;sl lsÍug rdcHkag
yelafla flfiao @
fiajlfhda Tjqkaf.a fiajd fhdaclhd u; r\ mj;S' fï
r\ meje;au iQrd lEug;a udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khkag;a
fya;= fkdjk nj Tn iy;sl l< hq;= fõ'
wvq
jegqma
lïlre
whs;Ska
28 29
muKla fkdj jHdmdßl (corporate) uÜgfï § o
m%cd;dka;%sl iqcd;lrKhla w;HjYH h'
fj<|fmd<j,a yiqrejkafka flfia o@
fldiafula (COSMEC) rdcHh ;=< isÿùu je<elaúh hq;=
tla fohla ;sfí' th kï" ie,lsh hq;= ;rÕlrejka
fkdisàu fya;=fjka ;uqkag ßis whqßka ñ, .Kka by<
kexùug yels wdldrhg ;ks iud.ï iqúYd, f,i
n,j;a ùu h' ckdêm;s;=uks" Tfí ld¾;jHh kï
;rÕldß;aj uQ,O¾uh ls%hd;aul ùug u. ie,eiaùu;a
l;smhdêldrhka (oligopolies - ;rÕlrejka iq¿ msßila
muKla isàu& yd taldêldrhka we;s ùu je<elaùu;a h'
jYfhka c¾uksfha" rch lrkafka" fiajd fhdaclhska yd
lïlrejka iduQysl .súiqïj,g t<ôh hq;= jk ffk;sl
moku ixúOdkh lsÍu muKs' l¾udka; uÜgfï §" tla
l¾udka;hl ish¨ lïlrejka ksfhdackh lrk jD;a;sh
iñ;s zztaldnoaO iu.s iñ;sZZ (Unity Unions) yd
l¾udka; ix.ï" tla wxYhl ish¨ iud.ï wkq.ukh
l< hq;= jk" jev lsÍfï meh .Kka o ksjdvq o iduQysl
jegqma o ;SrKh lr;s'
iud.ï uÜgfï §" iu-ks¾Kh (co-determination)
l%uhla u.ska lïlre whs;Ska wdrCId flf¾' fiajlhska
mia fofkl=g jeäfhka isák iud.ï j," iud.fï
jeo.;a ;SrK .ekSfï § n,mEula l< yels fiajl iNd
ia:dms; lsÍug lïlrejkag whs;sh we;' ;jo wëCIl
uKav, iukaú; jkafka fldgia whs;slrejka yd lïlre
ksfhdac;hska iu ixLHdjl f.ks' tf,iu wdKavqfjys
fj<|fmd<
taldêldrh
;r.ldß;ajh
30 31
rdcHhka iuyrúg fj<|fmd<j,g hï
ueÈy;aùï lrhs WÞyrKhla jYfhka mßirh
fyda mdßfNda.slhka wdrCId lrkq msKsi'
fj<|fmd<j,g ueÈy;aùu i|yd n,mdk fojk m%Odk
fya;=j kï mdßfNda.slhska wdrCId lsÍuh' Tjqka wdrCId
l< hq;= jkafka l=ulska o@ ir, wkaoñka lshf;d;a
Tjqkaf.a fkdoekqfuks' kHhhsl jYfhka" ish¿
NdKavhkaf.a .=Khka .ek mdßfNda.slhskag mßmQ¾K
oekqula ;sfí' we;a; jYfhka" NdKavj, fyda fiajd j,
.=Kh ;lafiare lsÍug wjia:djla mdßfNda.slhskag
fndfydaúg ke;' NdKavh .ek ksIamdolhska okakd ish¿
foa oek .ekSug mdßfNda.slhskag yelshdjla ke;'
rdcHh hym;a ;rÕldß;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍu;a"
wdrCId lsÍu;a l< hq;=h'
tla úl,amhla jkq we;af;a zztaldêldrhka yd
talnoaOùï ms<sn| fldñiulaZZ msysgqùuhs' th
fj<|fmdf,a p¾hdj wëCIKh lrkakdjQ;a ´kEu tla
fj<|fmd<la ;=< iajdëk ;rÕlrejka m%udKj;a
ixLHdjla isák nj iy;sl lrkakdjQ;a wdh;khls'
flfia jqjo" l%shd;aulj mj;akd fj<|fmd<j,a ;=<
mjd" fj<|fmd< l%shdlrejkaf.a p¾hdj fr.=,dis.;
lsÍu wjYH úh yelsh' rdcHhka th lrkafka m%Odk
fldgu fya;= folla ksidh( bka m<uq jekak kï mßirh
wdrCId lsÍuhs' WÞyrKhla jYfhka" lïy,a ysñhka
Tjqkaf.a wmøjH Tfí c, .nvdj jk jejg" ú,g fyda
.x.djkg fhduq fkdlrjk nj iy;sl lsÍuhs'
ke;fyd;a Tjqkaf.a ksIamdÈ;hka we;eï mdßißl m%ñ;Ska
bgq l< hq;= hehs Tng ;SrKh l< yelsh' tla;rd
m%udKhlg muKla wjk; jk ÿï msg lrk r: jdyk
ksmojk f,i Tjqkag kshu lsÍug fyda wdmiq Èh hq;=
fnda;,aj, Tjqkaf.a îu úlsKSug ie,iaùug Tng
yelsh' mßirhg ys;j;a we;eï l¾udka;j,g
iykdOdr iemhSug;a Tng yelsh' ke;fyd;a fmg%,a
iïnkaOfhka fndfyda rgj, flfrk mßÈ" úfYaI nÿ
mekùfuka we;eï ksIamdÈ;hka Ndú;h wffO¾h l<
yelsh'
32 33
zzjvd;a yels ;dla m%udKhlg u fj<|fmd< iy wjYH
úh yels ;dla m%udKhg u rdcHhzZ (As much market as
possible, as much state as necessary)
uyck NdKav hkq fudkjdo @
fndfyda foaj,a jvd;au fyd¢ka ^jvd;au ld¾HCIuj&
ksIamdokh lrkafka fj<|m, fCI;%fha §h' flfia jqjo"
lsisfia;au fj<|m, ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ksIamdokh
fkdflfrk" fyda m%udKj;a m%udKhlg ksmoùula isÿ
fkdlrk we;eï ;SrKd;aul NdKav yd fiajdjka o
;sfí' fï foaj,a j, ksIamdokfhka ,dN lsisjla wfmaCId
fkdflfrhs' ukao h;a fï NdKav mdúÉÑ lrkakkaf.ka
wh lsÍula fyda ta i|yd fkdf.jd mdúÉÑ lrkakka
bj;a lsÍu l< fkdyels ke;fyd;a lsÍu b;d ÿIalr
wd¾Ól úoH{hska fï ixisoaêh y÷kajkafka —wiuñ;sl
oekqu˜ jYfhks' ksIamdolfhda fuhska whq;= m%fhdack
.ks;s' fuh je,elaùu i|yd we;eï .=Kd;aul fyda
wdrCIl m%ñ;Ska wkq.ukh lrk f,i iemhqïlrejkag
kshu lsÍug ;SrKh lsÍug Tng yelsh' ke;fyd;a
ksIamdolhskag Tjqkaf.a wdydrj,g f,an,a .eiSug"
WÞyrKhla jYfhka we;=<;a øjHhka" f.dúm,l jjkq
,enqfõo ridhkd.drhl ksIamdokh lrkq ,enqfõ o"
hkak ;u mdßfNda.slhskag lSug ksIamdolhskag n, l<
yelsh' ke;fyd;a mdßfNda.sl NdKav mßCId fldg
m%;sM, m%ldYhg m;a lrk wdh;khla msysgqùug Tng
yelsh'
rdcHhka mdßfNda.slhska —wiuñ;sl oekqfuka˜
wdrCId lr;s'
fj<|m,g ueÈy;alrKhla isÿ lsÍu i|yd wkka;j;a
WmlrK yd úl,amhka we;( tajd" m%pdrl jHdmdr Èh;a
lsÍu" f;dr;=re iemhSu" we;eï NdKavhka fyda wvx.=
úh yels øjHhka ;ykï lsÍu" we;eï ksIamdok
wjYH;d wkq.ukh lsÍug n, lsÍu" nÿ mekùu wd§
jYfhks' Tn isys;nd.; hq;= lreKla jkqfha Tn l=ula
l<;a" Tn fj<|mf,a wjika m%;sM,h fjkia lrjk
njhs' fj<|m,j,a ld¾HCIu jkq oelSug Tng ;j
ÿrg;a wjYH fyhska" Tfí ueÈy;a ùï yels;dla ÿrg
fj<|m,g ñ;%YS,S (fj<|m,g wkql+, $ Market
Friendly& jk njg ;yjqre lr.kak' iEu úgu fuh
u;l ;nd .kak(
34 35
fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj,g ,dN ,eìh yels fjk;a
;SrKd;aul NdKav yd fiajdjka we;' tfy;a ksoyia
fj<|m,la ;=< fï NdKav ish¿ mqrjeishkag
fkdiemfhkq we;ehs fyda Tjqka ish¿ fokdg tajd ,nd
.ekSug j;alu fkd;sìh yelshehs Tng is;sh yelsh'
tfyhska kej;;a" Tn úiska u tajd iemhSug ;SrKh l<
yelsh' ;eme,a moaO;shla" úÿ,s n,h" uyck m%jdykh
ke;fyd;a úÿ,s ixfoaYkh jeks oE óg we;=,;a fõ'
uE; wjqreÿj,§ rdcH fndfyda .Kkla fï wxYfhka
fm!oa.,sl njg m;a lr we;' flfia jqjo tajd fndfyda
úg ;ju;a fnfyúka kshdukh flf¾' úfYaI j.lSï bgq
lsÍug fï fj<|m, j,g we;=¿ jk fm!oa.,sl iud.ï
j,g isÿ fõ'
lsisÿ rgla úiska uq¿ukska fm!oa.,sl lrKh fkdlrkq
we;ehs is;sh yels we;eï w;sYhska jeo.;a wxYhka o
we;' tajd w;ßka ikSmdrCIdj yd wOHdmkh jvd;au
jeo.;a fõ' ke;fyd;a fldiafula (COSMEC) rdcHfhys
.Ks;h yd N+f.da, úoHdj" jeks úIhhkag jÜgï fok
wOHdmk iqmsß fj<|fmd<j,a we;s lsÍug fyda ms<sld
m%;sldr i|yd fjkafoAis yd f,d;/hs j,g bv§ug Tn
ie,iqï lrkafka o@ tfia l<fyd;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.ka
Tng lror isÿjkq we;' ukaoh;a wOHdmkh yd
fi!LHdrCIdj ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj uQ,sl udkj ysñlï
jk neúks'
Tn ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= ;j;a uyck NdKav moaO;shla
we;' tkï iajdNdúlj oekg;a mj;sk tajdh' fï NdKav
fyhsks' fï ksid lsisÿ fm!oa.,sl wdfhdaclfhla Bg
uqo,a fkdfhdojkq we;' flfia jqjo" fï foaj,ska
iuyrla cd;sfha wd¾Ólhg we;a; jYfhkau wjYHh'
mdrj,a o" l%shd;aul l< yels foam, whs;Ska fyda cd;sl
iqrCIs;;dj fuhg hï ksoiqka h' fï ish¿ NdKav ish¿
mqrjeishkag ,nd .; yels nj iy;sl lsÍfï myiqu
l%uh kï nÿ uqo,a tl;= lr Tnu ta NdKav iemhSuhs'
rdcHhka we;eï ;SrKd;aul NdKav yd fiajdjka
iemhSu ixúOdkh lr;s' ksoiqka f,i cd;sl
iqrlaIs;;dj" há;, myiqlï" wOHdmkh" fi!LH
wdrCIdj'
36 37
wdrCIdj yd úY%du jegqma i|yd kshduk rduqjla imh;s'
ke;fyd;a <ud m%;s,dN jeks iDcq wdOdr uqo,a fjkqfjka
f.ùu i|yd nÿ uqo,a mdúÉÑ lr;s'
rdcHh iudc wdrCIK cd,hla imhk w;r
wdmodjkag tfrysj mqrjeishka rCIKh lrhs'
Tn ms,s;=re Èh hq;= jk ;SrKd;aul m%Yak fïjdh( uf.a
mqrjeishka uqyqK mdkafka ljr wdldrfha wjodkïj,g
o@ mqoa.,hskayg uqyqK §ug isÿj we;s nr fnodyodf.k
bis,Sug wmg yjq,a úh yelafla flfia o@ iudc yd
fm!oa.,sl j.lSu w;r ksjerÈ iu;=,kh l=ulao@ iqN
idOl m%;s,dN ,eîug whs;sh we;af;a ldgo @ ta
fl;rï m%udKhlg o@
úfYaIfhkau —fl;rï m%udKhlg o@˜ hkak ms,sn|j
idudkHfhka újdod;aulj ;¾l flf¾' ú/lshd m%;s,dN
ms<sn|j WodyrKh .ksuq( b;d uQ,sl uÜgfï iudc
iqrCIs;;d jHqyhla flfrys úYajdih ;nk ,snr,ajd§yq
;¾l lrkqfha /lshd úrys; ish¿ fokdyg" w¨;a
/lshdjla fidhd .ekSug;a yd th ms<s.kq ,eîug;a
wjYH lrk Tjqkaf.a fm<Uùu mj;ajdf.k hkq msKsi
Tjqkg hï wju uÜgfï ú/lshd m%;s,dNhla f.úh hq;=
njhs' wfkla w;g iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhka m%;s,dN
,nk /lshd úrys;hskag Èú mj;ajd .ekSug muKla
fkdj" l,ska mej;s Tjqkaf.a Ôjk uÜgu ;nd .ekSug o
bv fo;s'
iemhkq fjkqjg" ´kEjg jvd mdúÉÑ lsÍfuka yd iqrd
lkq ,eîfuka wdrCId l, hq;= fõ' msßisÿ mßirhla fyda
msßisÿ jd;h ta ms<sn| ksoiqka h' zzfj<|m, kshdukhZZ
ms<sn| fldgfiys idlÉPd lrk mßÈ" fï NdKav
mdúÉÑh md,kh lsÍug Tng yelsh'
iudc iqN idOkh hkq l=ulao@
mqrjeishkaf.a uQ,sl whs;Ska wk;=rg ,la lrk fyda
W,a,x>kh lrk yd Tjqkaf.a Ôjk bv m%ia:d flfrys
wys;lr n,mEï lrk wka;rdhkaf.ka iudc wdrCIdjla
rdcHhka úiska imhkq ,efí' we;eï m%Odk wdmodjka
jkafka fiajfhys § yÈis wk;=re" wikSmhka" uy¿ nfõ
§ È,s÷ nj" ú/lshdj fyda orejka we;s oeä lsÍug
iïnkaO wd¾Ól wjodkïh' fï wjia:d i|yd rdcHh
zziudc wdrCIK cd,hlaZZ imhhs' fndfyda rdcHhka
iudc rCIK moaO;s i|yd" WodyrK jYfhka fi!LH
,dNh
nÿ
iudc
iqnidOkh
rch
38 39
rdcHfha m%Odk wdodhï ud._h kï nÿ h' bka jvd;au
jeo.;a jkafka mqrjeishkaf.a wdodhï yd iud.ïj,
,dN u; jk iDcq nÿh' idudkHfhka fï nÿ m%.dóh
(progressive). tys f;areu kï Tn Wmhk m%udKh jeä
jk ;rug rdcHhg Tn f.úh hq;= jk Tfí wdodhfï
fldgi jvd úYd, jk njh' tys woyi kï Okj;d
^tkï ckdêm;s;=uks Tnæ& jeäfhka f.jk w;r ÿmam;d
^Tfí ysgmq ßhÿre& idudkHfhka iudc m%;s,dN
jeäfhka ,nhs' fï khska" rdcHh Okh kej; fnok
w;r ÿmam;=ka yd Okj;=ka w;r mr;rh mshjhs'
wd¾Ólh iïnkaëlrKh i|yd rdcHhka úiska Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk we;eï WmlrK my; oelafjk j.=fjka
iïmsKavkh flfrhs' tajd iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl
f.dvke.s,s ks¾udK l=Üá (Building Blocks) f,i
ie,fla'
iudc yjq,aldß;ajh yd iu ks¾Kh
iudc idOdrKh
fj<| pl% m%;sm;a;s Y%u m%j¾Okh
fj<|m,kshdukh
iudc rCIKhuyck NdKav
iemhSu
úhou f.jkafka ljqo @
uyck NdKav iemhSu" iudc oe,la .eg .eiSu" uyck
b,a¨ula ks¾udkh lsÍu" iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla
mj;ajd f.k hdu" b;d ñ, wêl fohla nj fmfkhs'
tfia fkdfõo@ flfia kuq;a iqN wdrxÑh fuhhs( ta
ish,a, Tfí ckdêm;s uqo,a miqïìfhka f.ùug isÿ
fkfõ' iudc rCIKhkag idudkHfhka uqo,a iemfhkafka
fiajd fhdaclhka yd fiajlhka hk fomd¾Ijh úiska
f.jk wksjd¾h odhl uqo,a j,sks' jv jdvd;a rdcHhka
oaú-l%u fhdod .ks;s( rdcHh uQ,sl rCIKh ixúOdkh
lrk w;r fm!oa.,sl rCIKhka u.ska th W!k mQrKh
l< yel' ke;fyd;a l< hq;=h'
rdcHhka iudc wdrCIK odhl uqo,a tl;= lr;s'
Tn Okj;a jk ;rug idfmaCIj Tn f.úh
hq;=h'
40 41
3' oelau
iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhka yd úYd, iqN idOk rdcHhka
iys; cd;Ska fndfyduhlau w;s úYd, uyck Kh nßka
yd iu;=,s; wh jehla bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd jQ
wr.,fhka fmf<;s' m%Odk fya;= ;=kla ksid iqN idOk
rdcHh mSvkhg ,lafjhs'
fldf;la m%udKhg rdcHh wjYH o@
Tng ;ju;a ckdêm;s ù isàug ´kE o@ ke;fyd;a bÈß
l¾;HjHhka f.ka Tn f;rmS isákafka o@ ish¿ oE Tn
úiska ixúOdkh fldg iemhsh hq;= hehs fkdis;kak'
iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla fndfyda ÿrgu f.k hkq
,nkafka fj<|m, l%shdlrejka ^fiajd fhdaclhka"
fiajlhska" mdßfNda.slhska& yd isú,a iudc l%shdlrejka
^jD;a;sh iñ;s" jHdmdßl ix.ï" mdßfNda.sl wdrCIl
lKavdhï wd§ka& úisks'
we;a; jYfhkau" iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu rdcldß ;sfí(
iudc iqN idOk rdcHhlg l%shd;aul úh yelafla tys
mqrjeishka ;ukaf.a ðú; .ek j.lSu ndr.ks;a kï yd
Ôúldj lr .ekSu i|yd jQ ;ukaf.au m%h;akhka
id¾:l ù ke;s úg muKla m%cdjf.a wdOdrh b,a,hs kï
muKs' Tn rduqj ms<sfh, fldg th tlg ;nd .; hq;=h'
tfy;a uQ,sl Í;shla jYfhka" ld,a Is,¾ f.a fï jpk
kej; u;l ;nd .kak( zzjvd;a yels ;dla m%udKhlg
u fj<|fmd< iy wjYH úh yels ;dla m%udKhg u
rdcHhZZ (As much market as possible, as much state as
necessary)
bÈßfhys we;s wNsfhda. fudkjdo @
42 43
fohls' ukao h;a th jev lsÍu i|yd jk uQ,sl ñksia
whs;sh;a W,a,x>kh lrk neúks'
fojkqj" m%;s,dNSka ixLHdj jeä fjñka mj;sk w;r"
iudc iqrCIs;;d l%uhg odhl uqo,a f.jkakkaf.a
idfmaCI ixLHdj wvq fjñka mj;S' fiajlfhda ^wdohï
nÿ f.ùfuka& m%Odk nÿ nr Wiq,;s' tfy;a wêl ú/
lshdj;a iudch jhig hdu;a ksid iudch ;=< /lshd
lrk ckhdf.a mx.=j wvq fjñka mj;s' jeä fjñka
mj;akd nrla f.k hdug jev lrk ckhdg isÿjk
fyhska" wdodhï m%;sjHdma;s l%ufhys iqcd;Ndjh yd
hqla;s iy.; nj m%Yak l< hq;= ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'
;=kajkqj" iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhkag uqyqK §ug isÿj
we;s m%Odk ;¾ckh yeáhg wd¾Ól f.da,SlrKh
yÿkd.kq ,nhs' m%d.aOkh jv jvd;a ixp, yd fjkia
jk iq¿ njg m;a ù we;s w;r jeä fjñka mj;akd
n,j;a nyq cd;sl iud.ï ixLHdjla rdcHfha .%yKfhka
myiqfjka bj;a ùfï yelshdjla Wiq,hs' m%:u fldgu
fuh nÿ uÕyeÍulg fya;= fõ' nyq cd;sl iud.ï
;ukaf.a whjeh jHdc wdldrhlg fmkakqï lr" nÿ wh
lsÍug lsisjla b;sß fkdjk ;=re Tjqkaf.a ,dN Tjqkaf.a
ixlS¾K ixúOdk cd,djka ;=< udre lrhs' fojkqj fï
nyq cd;sl iud.ï Y%uh;a mßird;aul yd mdßfNda.sl
wdrCIK m%ñ;Ska wvq lsÍu i|yd rdcHh iïnkaOfhka
;u fyÜgq lsÍfï yelshdj mdúÉÑ lr;s'
m%;s,dNSka jeä msßila" odhlhska wvq msßila( iqN
idOk rdcHhka isákafka f;rmSula hgf;ah'
m%:u fldgu iudc iqN idOk f.ùï ,nkakkaf.a
ixLHdj jefvhs' ld¾ólrKh jQ fndfyda cd;Syq jhig
hk iudchlg uqyqK § isá;s' fuys wre; kï
ck;djf.a jeä fjñka mj;akd fldgila jeä fjñka
mj;akd ld,hla i|yd úY%du jegqma ,nk njh' ;jo"
ld¾ólrKh jQ fndfyda cd;Syq ukao.dñ j¾Okfhka mSvd
úÈk w;r by, fiajd kshqla;shla iy;sl lsÍug
wfmdfydi;a fj;s' tfyhska ck;djf.ka jvd;a jeä
fldgilg ú/lshd m%;s,dN fyda iudc wdOdr mjd fyda
,eîfï whs;shg ysñlï lshhs' we;a; jYfhkau" wêl
jHqyd;aul ú/lshdj ks;e;skau uQ,H .eg¿jlg jeä
44 45
wjYH fõh hk iïm%odhsl kqjkg tfrysj hg;a
msßihska fyd| ;¾l ;=kla ;sfí'
fnfyúka ;rÕldÍ ùug iudc fj<|m,
wd¾Ólhkag o yelsh'
m%:u fldgu" f.da,ShlrKh úiska uqodyßk mSvkhg
tfrysj tla tla rdcHhka úiska olajkq ,nk m%;spdrhka
foi ióm f,i neÆ l, fmkS hk lreKla jkqfha tlS
m%;spdrhkays taldldÍ rgdjla ke;s nj h' ta fjkqjg
cd;sl wdh;k úiska f.da,Sh lrKfha n,mEï uOHia:
njg m;a lrkq ,nhs' we;eï rdcHhka" m%Odk fldgu
ialekaäfkaùhdkq rdcH" we;a; jYfhkau rdcHfha
ueÈy;aùu jvd;a .eUqre lr we;s w;r" iudc fj<|m,
wd¾Ólfha" iudc m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdlD;sh ms<sn| woyi
iqN idOk rdcHh f.da,ShlrK n,mEï o iudc
m%jk;d o wd¾Ól-ksYap,kh (Stagnation) w;r
ysr ù isáhs'
fï khska iudc m%jk;d o wd¾Ól-ksYap,kh
(Stagnation) yd wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh o iudc fj<|m,
wd¾Ólhka f.a moku fooreï lEug ,la lrhs' ;sìh
yelafla tlu fnfy;lehs fndfyda úfõplfhda lsh;s'
tkï wvqfjka rdcHh;a" jeäfhka fj<|m,;a" ,snr,a
fj<| wd¾Ólhg wdmiq hdu;a h' th tfiao@
f.da,ShlrKfha f;areu iudc fj<|m,
wd¾Ólfha wjidkh o@
f.da,ShlrKh i|yd iudc uQ,O¾uh w;a ysgqùul=;a
,snr,a fj<|m, wdlD;sh fhdod .ekSul=;a wksjd¾Hfhka
46 47
udkj ysñlï my u; h' ^m<uq mßÉfþoh n,kak& jeä
jQ wkdrCIs;;dj yd fjkiajk iq¿ njla iys; ld,hka
ys §" f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEï iukh lrkakd jQ;a
mrdð;hskaf.a jeàï j, lïmkh wvq lrkakd jQ;a m%n,
rdcHhl wjYH;dj fmr ljrodg;a jvd jeä ù we;'
udkj ixj¾Okh m%.uhla (progression) úh hq;=h' isú,a
yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska muKla ,nd .ksñka wd¾Ól" iudc
yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska wdrCId lsÍu" w;a yeÍu wdmiaig
;nk mshjrla jkq we;'
;=kajkqj" f.da,ShlrKfha úfõplhska yd fhdaclhska tl
f,iu wmyg ta;a;= .ekaùug W;aidy lrkq ,nk
foaYmd,k wd¾Ól fCI;%fha lsisjla je<elaúh fkdyels
foa fkdfõ' f.da,ShlrKh;a ñksid úiska we;s lrk
,oaols' th foaYmd,{hska úiska we;s lrkq ,nk fyda
we;s fkdlsÍug ´kElñkau ;SrKh fldg we;a;d jQ
kshuhka wkqj l%shd lrhs'
f.da,ShlrKh wkq.ukh lrkafka rdcHhka úiska
we;s lrk ,o kshuhka h' fuu kshuhka fjkia
l< yelsh'
ia:dms;j mj;akd f.da,Sh wd¾Ól l%uh fndfyda ÿrgu
mokï ù we;af;a ,snr,a woyia u;h' iudc fj<|m,
wd¾Ólfha m%;sm;a;s f.da,Sh uÜgulska fhdod .ekSfuka
tu fjki lsÍfï ienE yelshdjla we;' fuys wruqK
kï f.da,Sh iajrEmhla Wiq,k yjq,aldß;ajhla iy
;j ÿrg;a úldYkh lr we;' flfia jqj;a" ish¿ ,snr,a
wkdjels fkd;ld" tajd f.da,Sh fj<|m,j,a ;=<
fnfyúka ;rÕldÍj yeisf¾' tajd weußld tlai;a
ckmoh jeks ,snr,a fj<|m, wd¾Ólhka fuka - wêl
fiajd kshqla;shla we;slr .ekSu i|yd wvq jegqma iys;
/lshd flfrys úYajdih fkd;nk w;r" ta fjkqjg ish
m%Odk ;r.ldÍ jdish jk udkj iïm;a" u; wêl f,i
wdfhdackh lr;s'
udkj ysñlï myu iy;sl l< yelafla iudc
fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla ;=< muKs'
fojk ;¾lh m%udKsl jk w;r" th mokï ù we;af;a
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;Ska fol úiska we;s lrk ,o
48 49
isú,a" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska
wdrCId lrk f.da,Sh kshuhka moaO;shla o iys;
f.da,Sh iudchla ;=< .eí jqKq ld¾hCIu f.da,Sh
fj<|m,j,ah' wo nyq,j Ndú;d jk —fkdje,elaúh
yels nj ms<sn| ;¾lh˜ yd w;suy;a hehs lshkq ,nk
f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEï .ek lrk i|yk fndfyda úgu
iqN idOk úhoï lmd yeÍu i|yd iy ckms%h fkdjk
m%;sixialrK idOdrK nj fmkaùug bÈßm;a lrk
ú,dis;d;aul idOdrKslrKhla yd th i;=áka ms<s.kq
,eîug fhdod .efkk yqÿ Wml%uhla muKs'
f.da,Sh iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla hkq isyskhla
muKla o@ ke;fyd;a h:d¾;jdÈ o¾Ykhla o@
iudc
fj<|fmd< wd¾Óhla
hkq l=ulao@
1
ye¢kaùu
fndfyda úg wd¾Ól úoHd úIh ie,flkafka f;areï
.ekSug wmyiq ud;Dldjla f,i h' wd¾Ól -
foaYmd,k rduqj ms<sn|j idlÉPdj foaYmd,k{hska
úfYaI{hska iy úoaj;=ka fj; u mjrd § ;sfí' fï
;;a;ajh ;=< u wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iEu mqrjeishl=f.a
u Ôú;j,g n,j;a n,mEula t,a, lrkakla njg o
m;aj ;sfí' f.da,ShlrKh iy kj ksoyia wd¾Ól
m%;sm;a;s fndfyda rgj, ÿmam;=ka iy fmdfydi;=ka
w;r mr;rh j¾Okh ùug fya;= ù we;s nj fndfyda
;ekaj, § olakg ;sfí' ksoyia fj<|fmd<
wd¾Òlfhys fuu ,snr,ajd§ ixl,amhg we;s úl,amh
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhhs' fuu fmdf;ys wruqK
tu iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh ms<sn| idudkH
ixl,amh f;areï .ekSug u. mdod §u;a tu
ixl,amh fj; myiqfjka <Õdùug Wmldr lsÍu;a h'
fuu m%ldYkh u.ska tu ud;Dldj ms<sn|j Y%S
,xldfõ we;s ixjdoh mq¿,a lrkakg wmg odhl
jkakg yels fõ hhs wm l,amkd lruq'
weiaá%â fnl¾fkajdisl wOHCIsld
t*a'B'tia' Y%S ,xld
3
m<uqjk uqøKh
l¾;D ( finia;shka iam¾,sx
ljr ieliqu iy ldgqka Ñ;% ( msh,a Woh iurùr
isxy, wkqjdoh ( ã' tia' tia' udhdÿkafka
tia' tÉ' ta' fudyuâ
f*%âßla-BnÜ-moku
wxl 04" wevïia mgqu.
fld<U 04'
fld<U - cQ,s 2006
ISBN 955-607-047-8
2
t*a' B' tia' m%ldYk wxl 69
fmrjok
f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd, wd¾Ólh yev.iajkq ,nkafka
,snr,ajd§ woyiaj,sks' wd¾Ól úoHd{hska"
l<uKdlrejka iy foaYmd,k{hskag wjYHj
we;af;a fuh iajNdúl ms<sfj, hehs wmg ta;a;=
.ekaùu h' thg úl,amhla ke;ao@
cd;sl uÜgfï § fndfyda rdcHhka ksoyia fj<|fmd<
wd¾Ólhg úl,amhka wkq.ukh lr;s' bka tlla rch
fj<|fmd< iy iudch w;r we;s in|;d ms<sn|j
jvd;a fjkia woyia we;s iudc fj<|fmd<
wd¾Ólhhs' Tfí w;e;s fuu fmd;a msxp u.ska ,snr,a
wdlD;shg mgyeks fuu wd¾Ól ixl,amh y÷kajd
fokq ,nhs'
fuu fmd;a msxp ,shd we;af;a idudkH ck;dj
fjkqfjks' tfyhska jvd ir, f,i uQ,sl woyia fj;
fhduq ù ;sfí' tfia u ;SrKd;aul fjkialï biau;=
lr olajkq msKsi is;du;d u ia:dms; wdo¾Yhka
fhdod.kq ,en ;sfí' fndfyda fihska c¾uka w;a±lSï
Wmqgd olajkq ,enqj o fuu fmd;a msxp lshúh hq;af;a
fmdÿ ixl,amhla y÷kajd§ula f,i h'
fmd;a msxfpys m<uq Nd.h ;=< iudc fj<|fmd<
wd¾Ólfha m%Odk ixl,amh;a ta i|yd jQ m%udKsl
idOdrKSlrKh lsÍu;a we;=<;a h' fojeks
mßÉfþofhka fuu l%uh ;=< rdcHfha N+ñldj iy
54
mgqk
1' uQ,sl woyi
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla hkq l=ulao@ 1
fj<|fmd<j,a ls%hd;aul jkafka tajdg ßis mßÈ o@ 4
Tng fl;rï ksoyia ùula wjYH o@ 6
udkj ysñlï i;= ld¾h Ndrh l=ulao@ 9
iudc idOdrKh hkq l=ulao@ 12
iudc idOdrKh we;slr.; yelafla flfiao@ 14
tfia kï iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh hkq l=ulao @ 18
2' rdcHfha ld¾h Ndrh
rdcHhka mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh iy;sl lrkafka flfiao@ 23
wd¾Ólh ia:djr lsÍu rdcHhkag l< yelafla flfiao @ 24
lïlre whs;Ska iy;sl lsÍug rdcHhkag yelafla flfiao@26
fj<|fmd<j,a yiqrejkafka flfiao@ 29
uyck NdKav hkq fudkjdo @ 33
iudc iqN idOkh hkq l=ulao @ 36
úhou f.jkafka ljqo @ 38
fldf;la m%udKhg rdcHh wjYHo @ 40
3' oelau
bÈßfhys we;s wNsfhda. fudkjdo@ 41
f.da,ShlrKfha f;areu
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha wjidkho@ 44
7
fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh jvd;a ziudchShZ lrkakg
fhdod.; yels wk.s WmlrK ,ehsia;=j fudkjd±hs
iómj ksßCIKh lrkakg wjldY i,id fohs'
;=kajeks Nd.h ;=< wo iudc iqNidOl rdcHhka uqyqK
§ isák iuyr wNsfhda.hka o y÷kd .kakd w;r
f.da,Sh uÜgfï § ,snr,a l%uh je<elaúh fkdyels
fohlehs hk iïm%odhsl u;hg tfrys ;¾l
.Kkdjla bÈßm;a lrñka wjika lrkq ,nhs'
finia;shka iam¾,sxisâks úYaj úoHd,h
6
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