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Unit 1: American Beginnings to 1877
Chapter 1: Exploration and the Colonial EraSection 1: The Americas, West Africa, and Europe
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Exploration and the Colonial Era
Read “Interactive History” on page 3. Answer the questions
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How did people get here?
No one knows exactly when, but it may have been as long as 22,000 years ago Ice Age froze vast
quantities of the earth’s water, which lowered sea levels Created a land bridge
between Asia and Alaska across the Bering Strait
It is believed that hunters crossed the Strait following their food
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End of the Ice Age
When the Ice Age ended, the glaciers melted and sea levels returned to normal Land bridge disappeared
Ending travel between Asia and North America
Groups spread all across North America and into South America
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Agriculture
Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago agriculture emerged in central Mexico and spread throughout the Americas Why was the development of
agriculture and the planting of crops so important for early peoples?
Some groups continued their nomadic lifestyle
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Ancient Cultures in the Americas
Mexico Olmec
First empire of the Americas Established as early as 1200 B.C. in
Southern Mexico Maya
A.D. 250-900 Aztec
Sophisticated civilization in the 1200s
South America Inca
2,500 miles of empire along the coast
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Native American Societies of the 1400s
Just as diverse as the land they occupiedCommon Characteristics Patterns of trade
Helped spread customs and beliefs
Attitudes toward land use Land was not to be traded, it was
the source of life* Religious beliefs
Natural world filled with spirits Social values
Family was the basic unit of organization
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West African Societies of the 1400s
Similar to Native Americans in that many different sophisticated societies existed Most slaves that would
make their way to the Americas came from this region
Their traditions and beliefs would play a significant role in forming American history
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Notable Societies
The Kingdom of Songhai Became wealthy by
controlling the trans-Sahara trade routes
Taxed caravans traveling through
What did they do with all their cash flow? Raised large armies to
conquer new territories Built cities Supported arts and education
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Notable Societies
The Kingdom of Benin Controlled forests
along the southern coast around the Niger Delta
Ewuare Ruler who lead the
expansion and built many cities
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Notable Societies
The Kingdom of Kongo Controlled rain
forest region in West Central Africa
Series of small kingdoms controlled by a single leader, “manikongo”
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West African Culture
Mostly small villages Life revolved around the
family and traditions Political leaders claimed
authority based on religion Most believed in a variety
of gods but a single creator Supported themselves by
farming, hunting, mining, or trading Believed in collective
ownership of the land
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TradeTimbuktu The hub of a well-
established trading network Connected West Africa with
the ports of North Africa, which took goods to Europe and Asia
Goods traded: Gold, ivory, and dyed cloth
Islam Came from North Africa Monotheistic faith that had
a profound influence on West African societies
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Important Note:
Portuguese mariners began trading directly with the coastal regions starting in the 1440s Began the
European trade of enslaved West Africans
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European Societies of the 1400s
Communities based on social hierarchy Little social mobility
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ChristianityChristianity was the dominant religion in Europe The pope and his
bishops enjoyed great political and spiritual authority
The Crusades Christianity and Islam
came into conflict as the armies fought over the Holy Land around Jerusalem
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CrusadesResults Christian Europeans failed
to capture the Holy Land Encouraged exploration
and expansion Opened trade routes to
Asia Weakened the power of
European nobles Many lost their lives or their
fortunes during the Crusades Monarchs used this to
increase their own power
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Reformation
Many people desired change by the early 1500s Led to the
Reformation Protestants opposed
the Catholic church How might this help
spur exploration and the settlement of new lands?
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Major Players
PortugalSpainFranceEngland
Powerful monarchs collected taxes and raised large armies to strengthen their government.
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Renaissance
Cultural awakening Led to many advancements
in the arts and science
Expansion European monarchs sought
new trade routes and land to increase wealth
Technological Advances Weapons
Cannons, longbows, and firearms
Maps were more accurate
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Sailing TechnologyMany advances in sailing technology Compass and astrolabe
Helped sailors plot their direction
Prince Henry of Portugal Brought mariners,
geographers, and navigators to his court
Many sailors made long trips Christopher Columbus
believed he could reach India by traveling west across the Atlantic
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Activity Answer #3: Critical Thinking on p. 13 Use complete sentences Must be at least 5 sentences 5 pts.
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Movie Clip
The Crusades 30 min.
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