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BBN-ANG-243 Advanced Phonology: Phonological Analysis
Variation, Accents
Kiss Zoltán / Szigetvári Péter / Törkenczy MiklósDept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University
(1) Topics discussed in this lecture
— Variation
— How do accents differ?
— some regional accents
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(2) Variability: categorical and non-categorical patterns
variation: different behaviour while some relevant conditions are identical only varieties exists
‘correctness’: no differences in value between variants
range of variation: any level of language may be involved
(3) Types of variation
(3.1) Free (unconditioned) variation vs. conditioned variation
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(3.1.1) Types of conditioned variation (conditioning factors)
(i) Time: synchronic vs. diachronic
jubilee 1935 Z!cYt9a?kh9\1977 Z$cYt9a?!kh9\
(ii) Space: regional accents
rhoticity (the distribution of .q.)
(iii) Social status: sociolects
rhoticity in New York City .q. (William Labov 1966)
variation across dept. stores: 'fourth floor' more prestigious/expensive > more rhotic
(iv) Others: style, gender, age, subject matter, medium, etc.
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(3.2) Intra-speaker variation (within the individual) vs. inter-speaker variation (within the community)
(3.3) Separation/interplay of factors
(i) free/conditioned & intra-speaker/inter-speaker
free conditioned
intra-speaker ugornak % ugranak pisi % pisa
inter-speaker Z$h9j?!mPlHj\ % Z$dj?!mPlHj\ Zj@9\ . Zj@9q\
(ii) social & regional
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(iii) social and gender (Labov's principles)
In a stable sociolinguistic stratification, men use a higher frequency of nonstandard forms than women.
In a change from a stable sociolinguistic stratification, women favour the incoming prestige forms morethan men.
(4) Variation in phonetics/phonology: accents. In what ways do accents differ?
(i) Inventory of phonemes may be different
(ii) realizational difference: allophones may be different
(iii) lexical distribution of phonemes may be different
(iv) phonotactics may be different
(v) morphophonological pattern (alternations) may be different
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non-rhotic accents: q can only occur before a V (post-lexical regularity)
rhotic accents: q can occur before V, C or 5
(5) Overview of some regional ( & some social) variation in English
(5.1) Rhoticity: rhotic and non-rhotic accents
_(#)V _ 5 _ (#)C
carry car is car card car that
non-rhotic q ! ! most of England, Australia, New Zealand, some US,
rhotic q q q most of US, Canada, Scotland, Ireland, some Engl.
intermediate systems ("semi rhotic"): some version of the non-rhotic pattern
réd, trúst, aróund ↔ cár/r/y, vér/y Upper South of US r Vstressed vs. r/ Vunstressed
bútter/ , pépper/ ↔ fár/e, stár/ North Yorkshire Vunstr r/ $ vs. Vstr r/ $
bar, better ↔ par/t, bear/d Jamaica r 5 vs. r/ C
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(i) within the US
PEAS The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States(1961)
blue lines (isoglosses) encircle rhotic areas
ANAE Atlas of North American English (2006)
bullets and stars: colours indicate frequency
! = non-rhotic
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(ii) in the UK (Scotland, Ireland, northwest ofWales = rhotic)
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(6) Regional variation in the British Isles (main vowel features)
(6.1) STRUT ZU\ and ZT\
North of England & Midlands
put ZoTs\ = putt ZoTs\
(one, none ZP\)
South & South Midlands
put ZoTs\ … putt ZoUs\
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(6.2) BATH ( ^ e+ S+ r ^ mC ): Z`\ and Z@9\
lex. set exx RP/South-east B North & Midlands A Scottish, N-Irish, South-west C
TRAP pat, bat, trap Z`\
Z`\
Z`\
BATH (a) dance, grant, demand
Z@9\BATH (b) path, laugh, grass
BATH (c) PALM
half, banana, can’t
Z@9\
START part, bar, start
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(6.3) FACE, GOAT: Long mid diphthonging
south-east, central south
diphthongal: ZdH+ DH\
elsewhere: SW England, far north of England,Wales, Scotland, Ireland
monophthongal: Zd9\
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(6.4) HAPPY
North Z!rHsH\
South Z!rHsh9\+ Z!rHsHi\
HAPPY = FLEECE
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(6.5) London Diphthong Shift FLEECE FACE PRICE CHOICE
MOUTH GOAT GOOSE
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(6.6) London: GOAT
ZPT . ?T\ ZPT . `T\
Popular London Cockney
_# Z?T\ Z`T\ go, toe, slow
_C….k. Z?T\ Z`T\ boat, road, most, bone
_k V Z?T\ Z`T\ POLAR, molar, Roland, cola
_.k.(#)C ZPT\ ZPT\ bold, shoulder, roll that
_.k. # ZPT\ ZPT\ roll, goal, bowl
_/k.#V ZPT\ ZPT\ ROLLER, rolling, goalie
_.k.##V ZPT\ ZPT\ roll about, hole in, pole axe, goal area
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(7) Something about regional variation in the US
(7.1) GenAm
Lexical set Gen/Trad BrE/CuBE: 4 groups AmE/GenAm: 3 groups
FORCE/NORTH N9 n9 N
THOUGHT N9 n9 @
LOT P N @
PALM @9 @9 @
START @9 @9 @
BATH @9 @9 z
TRAP z ` z
FORCE/NORTH before, boar, floor, sword, court, glory, memorial, ... / war, fork, fortune, order, warm, quart, ...
THOUGHT taught, daughter, bought, crawl, hawk, jaw, talk, walk, author, all, water, false, ...
LOT stop, Tom, honest, swan, knowledge, ...
PALM calm, balm, father, bra, ...
START part, bar, start, ...
BATH dance, grant, path, laugh, grass, half, banana, can't, ...
TRAP pat, bat, trap, man, hand, cancel, arrow, ...
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(7.2) MARRY=MERRY=MARY ZD\
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(7.3) New England English: BATH (GenAm Zz\(
conservative Boston Z@\ lexicalised Harvard, half, rather, aunt
lexicalised/variable last, dance
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(7.4) Southern American English
(i) Southern Shift PRIZE/PRICE `H = @9 `9 monophthongisation
FACE dH = Dh lowering
GOOSE t9 = | fronting
PRIZE/PRICE
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