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The Two Worlds of Christendom
Chapter 16
Medieval Christendom• Two halves
Byzantine empire Germanic states
• Inherited Christianity from Roman empire• After eighth century, tensions between two halves
2©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E.
The Early Byzantine Empire• Capital: Byzantium• On the Bosporus
Golden Horn• Commercial, strategic value of location• Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there after 330 C.E.• 1453, falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul
3©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Caesaropapism• Power centralized in figure of emperor • Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority• Political rule• Involved in religious rule as well• Authority absolute
4©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
The Byzantine Court• Etiquette reinforces authority of emperor
Royal purple Prostration Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Justinian (527-565 C.E.)• The “sleepless emperor”• Wife Theodora as advisor
Background: circus performer• Ambitious construction programs
The church of Hagia Sophia• Justinian’s code: codification of Roman law
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Byzantine Conquests Effort to reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people Unable to consolidate control of territories Abandon Rome
7©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Muslim Conquests• 7th century, Arab Muslim expansion• Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717-718• Byzantine defense made possible through use of “Greek fire”
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Theme System• Themes (provinces) under control of generals• Military administration• Control from central imperial government• Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants
9©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
The Germanic Successor States• In the west, the last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer, 476 C.E.• Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population• Germanic successor states:
Visigoths Ostrogoths Lombards Franks
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
The Franks• Heavy influence on European development, 5th to 9th centuries• Conversion to Christianity gains popular support• Firm alliance with western Christian church
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
The Carolingians• Charles “the Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty• Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours (732)
• Halts Islamic advance into western Europe
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Charlemagne (r. 768-814)• Grandson of Charles Martel• Centralized imperial rule• Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive scholarship• Major military achievements
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Charlemagne’s Administration• Capital at Aachen, Germany• Yet constant travel throughout empire• Imperial officials: missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”)
Continued yearly circuit travel
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Charlemagne as Emperor• Hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title “emperor”
Yet ruled in fact• Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800
Planned in advance? Challenge to Byzantium
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
16©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
END
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The Two Worlds of Christendom
Chapter 16
Economy in Medieval Christendom• Byzantium – economic powerhouse
Agricultural surplus Long-distance trade
• Western Christendom Repeated invasions contribute to agricultural decline 10th century, increased political stability leads to economic recovery
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Byzantine Peasantry• Free peasantry kept Byzantium strong
Supported by the theme system• Decline after 11th century
Wealthy accumulated large estates
19©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium• Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry• Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after 6th century• Bezant becomes standard currency• Tax revenues from silk route
20©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Byzantium: Urban Society• Aristocrats: palaces• Artisans: apartments• Working poor: communal living spaces• Hippodrome
Chariot races, “greens vs. blues” Politically inspired rioting
21©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
How is life in Europe during this time ?
Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe• Invasions and political turmoil disrupt commercial activities• Agricultural innovations
Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar• Small scale exchange; maritime trade in Mediterranean
22©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Louis the Pious (r. 814-840)• Son of Charlemagne (The Franks)• Lost control of courts, local authorities• Civil war erupts among three sons• Empire divided in 843
23©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Invasions• South: Muslims• East: Magyars• North: Vikings
Norse expansion driven by population pressure, quest for wealth Superior seafaring technology
24©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C.E.) and the Invasions of Early Medieval Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
The Vikings• From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”)• Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas• Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from 9th century
Constantinople sacked three times• Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Norse Merchant Mariners• Commerce or plunder as convenient• Link with the Islamic world for trade
26©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Western Europe: Rural Society• Concept of feudalism
Lords and vassals Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society
• Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Organizing in a Decentralized Society• Local nobles take over administration from weak central government• Nominal allegiances, especially to Carolingian kings• But increasing independence
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Lords and Retainers• Formation of small private armies• Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash payments• Development of other functions
Justice, social welfare
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Peasants’ Rights and Obligations• Obligation to provide labor, payments in kind to lord
• Unable to move from land• Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord
30©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
31©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Two Worlds of Christendom
Chapter 16
Population Growth in Christendom• During 5th and 6th century, population fluctuations• By 8th century, demographic recovery
Political stability Productive agriculture
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 C.E.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
200 400 600 800 900 1000
Millions
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Evolution of Christian Societies• Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority• Two halves disagree on doctrine, ritual, and church authority• By mid-eleventh century, two rival communities
Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Council of Florence Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches meet to work out a union in 1438. Constantinople fell in 1453.
Pope Gregory I (590-604 C.E.)• “Gregory the Great”• Asserted papal primacy• Prominent theologian
Sacrament of penance: required individuals to confess their sins to priests to atone for sins
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
The Byzantine Church• Church and state closely aligned• Byzantine emperors appoint patriarchs
Treated as a department of state• Caesaropapism creates dissent in church
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Iconoclasm• Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 C.E.)• Destruction of icons after 726 C.E.• Popular protest, rioting• Policy abandoned 843 C.E.
38©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Asceticism• Hermit-like existence• Celibacy• Fasting• Prayer
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
St. Basil (329-379 C.E.) and St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.) • Both established consistent rule for monasteries
Poverty Chastity Obedience
• St. Scholastica (482-543 C.E.) Sister of St. Benedict Adapts Benedictine Rule for convents
40©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Monasticism and Society• Social welfare projects
Inns, orphanages, hospitals• Agents in spread of Christianity
Missionaries – Christian cultural zone in western part of Eurasian continent England Northern Germany; Scandinavia
41©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Influence on Slavic Cultures• Saints Cyril and Methodius
Missions in Bulgaria and Moravia Create Cyrillic alphabet
• Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium• Prince Vladimir of Kiev converts
42©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity• Ritual disputes
Beards on clergy Leavened bread for Mass
• Theological disputes Iconoclasm Nature of the Trinity
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 43
Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Schism• Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction• Autonomy of patriarchs, OR primacy of Rome?• 1054, patriarch of Constantinople and pope of Rome excommunicate each other
East: Orthodox church West: Roman Catholic
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Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
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END
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