1 The Road to World War II 2 January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

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The Road to World War II

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January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

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Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming

Germany (1935)

Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he depression years.

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March 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland

The Rhineland was a region of Germany that was ‘demilitarised’ after the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was not allowed to have troops in the region.

Hitler’s actions showed how he was willing to directly challenge the treaty.

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6

March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria

Again, this went against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from uniting with Austria.

However, the arrival of German troops was met with great enthusiasm by many Austrian people.

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March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia

Hitler had ordered the occupation of a part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland (in October 1938). Many hoped that that this would be the last conquest of the Nazis.

However, in March 1939, he ordered his troops to take over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. This was the first aggressive step that suggested that a war in Europe would soon begin.

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Hitler and Stalin (the Russian leader) signed a ‘non-aggression pact’.

They promised that neither country would attack the other in the event of war.

As part of the deal, Hitler promised Stalin part of Poland, which he planned to invade soon.

August 1939: Germany and Russia signed a non-aggression pact

This photo shows the Russian foreign minister signing the pact, whilst Stalin stands smiling in the background

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• The non-aggression pact was surprising. Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies.

• When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia.

• Hitler also hated Communism, the form of government in Russia

HitlerStalin

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But, the pact allowed Germany to march into Poland without

fear of an attack from Russia.

On 3rd September 1939, Germany

invaded Poland and started a War with Britain and France.

September 1939: Germany invaded Poland

German troops marching into Warsaw, the capital of Poland.

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May 1940: Germany turned west and invaded France and the Netherlands

In May 1940, Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to attack France and

the Netherlands.

British troops were forced to retreat from

the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France.

Captured British troops, May 1940

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By June 1940, France had surrendered to the Germans

Britain now stood alone as the last

remaining enemy of Hitler’s Germany in Western Europe.

Adolf Hitler tours Paris after his successful invasion.

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September 1940-May 1941: the Blitz

For the following nine months, the German air force (Luftwaffe) launched

repeated bombing raids on British towns and cities. This was known as the

BLITZ and was an attempt to bomb Britain into submission.

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Operation Barbarossa, June 1941

But in May, 1941, Hitler ordered a change of tactics. He decided to halt the bombing of Britain and launch an attack against

Russia. He betrayed Stalin and ignored the promises he had made.

This was a bold move that would prove to be an important turning point in the War.

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Quick Facts (write 2-3)A. War Costs

1. US Debt 1940 - $9 billionUS Debt 1945 - $98 billion

• The war cost $330 billion -- 10 times the cost of WWI & as much as all previous federal spending since 1776

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Quick Facts (write 2-3)

B. Human Costs

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Quick Facts (write 2-3)B. Human Costs1. 50 million people died

(compared to 15 million in WWI)

• 21.3 million Russians (7.7 million civilians)

• 11 million died as a result of the HOLOCAUST(6 million Jews + 5 million others)

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When?

1939

Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war)

Sept. 3 -Britain &

France declare war on

Germany

Dec. 7 – Japan

bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the

War

1941

May - Germans Surrende

r

Sept. - Atomic

Bombing of

Hiroshima &

Nagasaki,

Japanese Surrende

r

1945

•1939-1945

•US involvement 1941-1945

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Who?Allies Axis

Great Britain

France(note: France surrendered to

Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting)

United States

Russia

GermanyItaly

Japan

(major powers)

(major powers)

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Major Leaders

Adolf HitlerNazi Germany

Benito MussoliniItaly

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Major LeadersHideki Tojo

Japanese Prime Minister

Winston ChurchillBritish Prime Minister

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Major Leaders

Franklin Delano RooseveltUS President

Joseph StalinRussian Leader

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Why? (underlying causes of WWII)

1. Treaty of VersaillesA. Germany lost land to

surrounding nations

B. War Reparations

1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S.

2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent)

3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed Germans

Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilsonduring negotiations for the Treaty

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Why? (underlying causes of WWII)2. World-wide DepressionA. The Depression

made Germany’s debt even worse

B. Desperate people turn to desperate leaders

1) Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems

1923 - Wallpapering with German Deutchmarks

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Why? (underlying causes of WWII)2. World-wide Depression

2) Hitler provided scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill, homosexuals)

3) Kristallnacht - vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues

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Why?• 3. Rise of Totalitarian Regimes

A. In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation

Totalitarianism

Communist Dictatorship

(USSR)

Fascist Dictatorship

(Germany, Italy)

Military Dictatorship

(Japan)

Fascism: military government with

based on racism & nationalism with strong support

from the business community

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Why?• 4. Isolationism of Major Powers

A. Why was the U.S. Isolationist?

1. Great Depression (problems at home)

2. Perceptions of WWIa. WWI did not seem to solve much

b. People began to think that we’d got into WWI for the wrong reasons (greedy American businessmen!)

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Why?• 4. Isolationism of Major Powers

3. Opposition to war (Pacifism)

a. Washington Conference (1922) - Limits on size of country's navies

b. Kellogg-Briand pact (1928) - condemned war as a way to solving conflicts

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Why?• 4. Isolationism of Major Powers

B. This led to policies of “Appeasement” 1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope that they won’t want anything else

2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler . . .

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So What Was Hitler Asking For?

• Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”

•Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938German Troops Parade in Streets of

Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939

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So What Was Hitler Asking For?

• Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”

•Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic)

•Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace

•Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia

German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939

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So What Was Hitler Asking For?

• Return of German Speaking Lands

•Nonaggression Pact

• Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland and Baltic States

Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939 •Great Britain &

France finally declare war on Germany

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How Did Hitler Make War?• Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”

In the next year, Hitler invades:

•Denmark

•Norway

• The Netherlands,

•France

Hitler in Paris

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US Assistance

• Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies:Lend-Lease - 1939

•US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain

London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze

Atlantic Charter

•US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany

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Meanwhile … in the Pacific• Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy”

USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor

What?

•Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Effect? •US declares war on

Japan & other Axis powers

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• "The Nazi occupation of Poland was horrific. Twenty percent of the Polish people died in forced labor, of hunger, or from fighting. Resistance was impossible. Even the feeblest opposition brought devastating, over-whelming reprisals. Drs. Lazowski and Matulewicz decided to resist anyway, and their solution was brilliant. They knew that the Germans were terrified of a typhus outbreak. So they injected dead typhus bacteria into various patients, then sent blood samples to the German authorities. The blood tested positive for typhus. The Germans conducted more tests, and most were also positive. The occupation authorities quarantined the area. The people were not deported for slave labor and German troops stayed away. Drs. Lazowski and Matulewics spared their neighbors the worst of World War II, because even impossible problems have solutions."

• – Thorpe, Scott, How to Think Like Einstein, Barnes & Noble Books, Inc., 2000, p. 127.

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Germany’s Attack in Europe

• Denmark, Holland• Norway (Quisling)• Belgium and France

– Dunkirk

• Britain– Winston Churchill

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Dunkirk

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• “...We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end...We shall fight in the seas and oceans...We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender...”

• — Winston Churchill

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• “We have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.”

•

• — Winston Churchill

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• “Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will say, ‘This was their finest hour.’”

• — Winston Churchill

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• “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”

• — Winston Churchill

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Germany’s Attack in Europe

• Balkans• Russia• US isolation

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Maximum Axis Control (Sept 1942)

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Allied Counterattacks in Europe

• Soviet• North Africa• Italy • Normandy• Battle of the

Bulge

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Allied Counterattacks in Europe

• Surrender– Stalin, Churchill,

Roosevelt

• The Marshall Plan

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• "Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing happened."

• – Churchill, Winston, quoted in Thorpe, Scott, How to Think Like Einstein, Barnes & Noble Books, Inc., 2000, p.119.

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Japan’s Invasion

• China– Blockade

• Pearl Harbor• Southeast Asia

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Allied Counterattacks in the Pacific

• Midway• Southeast Asia• Island hopping• Japanese main

islands

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Pacific War

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• "I am tired and sick of war. Its glory is all

moonshine... War is hell."

• – William Tecumseh Sherman (quoted in John Keegan, A History of Warfare, 1993, 6)

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• “If a man does his best, what else is there?”

• -General George S. Patton• (1885-1945)

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• He served as the Soviet Union’s first Commisar of war

• Trotsky• The Bolsheviks controlled this part of

Russia in the civil war• The Heartland or center around

Moscow• Which of the following countries did not

intervene in the Russian civil war 1918-1921? America,Germany,Japan

• Germany

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• Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania gained their independence as a result of the Russian civil war. What act/event led to Russia regaining these territories?

• The Hitler/Stalin non-aggression pact August 23, 1939

• Which economic policy produced greater economic production in Russia, War Communism or the New Economic Policy?

• New Economic Policy• The New economic policy was said to be a

compromise with what?• Capitalism• Which of the following men would have most

supported the NEP? Stalin/Trotsky/Kirov• Trotsky

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• A revolt by the sailors at this naval base led Lenin to believe that he needed to change from war communism to the NEP.

• Kronstadt Naval base in Petrograd• Name one area of the economy controlled by the

government under the NEP.• Large industries, foreign trade, transportation• The true political power in the Soviet System

was found in this group which consisted of the Communist party’s top leaders.

• Politburo• He argued for the doctrine of “permanent

revolution”.• Trotsky

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• If Stalin did not believe in “permanent revolution” then what did he believe in?

• Socialism in one country• Who wrote Problems with Leninism in

1924?• Stalin• If I believed in the NEP, would that make

me a left or right Bolshevik?• Right• Ultimately, would Stalin have been a left or

right bolshevik?• Left

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• What was Stalin’s economic policy called?• 5 year plan• What the two key areas of production focused

on in the 5 year plans?• Industrial output and Agricultural output• Which aspect of the economy improved the

most?• Industrial• The soviet economy was put under the direction

of this agency?• GOSPLAN• This group most resisted the collectivzation of

agriculture• Kulaks

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• In the second 5 year plan, Stalin made concessions to the Peasants that were very similar to those of the ______.

• New Economic Policy• The assassination of this man led to the

great purge by Stalin.• Sergei Kirov• What group was targeted in the purge?• Old Bolsheviks• Stalins use of Kirov for emergency powers

was similar to what event for Hitler?• Burning of the Reichstag

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• In 1922 the Soviets signed the Treaty of Rapallo, a treaty of friendship with which country?

• Germany

• He was the king of Italy that appointed Mussolini as the Premier.

• Victor Emmanuel

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• What type of job did Benito Mussolini hold before he became a politician?

• Editor of newspapers Avanti, Il popolo d’Italia

• Who is Benito Mussolini named after?• Benito Juarez• Would a fascist be to the political left or

right?• Right• Name two things that characterized

fascism:• Nationalistic,militaristic,anti-marxist

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• The fascists followed strong leaders. What was the Italian and German name for leader?

• Il Duce, Der Fuhrer• If you went to a party with a squadistri, what

would he be wearing?• Black shirt• Legend has it that Mussolini took power in Italy

when his black shirts did this:• Marched on Rome 1922• What happened first; Mussolini’s march on

Rome or the Enabling act?• Mussolini’s march on Rome

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• What do Hitler and Mussolini have in common for how they came to be Prime Minister’s for their country?

• Both were appointed• This moderate socialist’s murder caused a

political crisis for Mussolini• Giacomo Matteotti• Mussolini developed these as means of

carrying out an economic policy that blended private ownership in and government control of the economy.

• Syndicates or corporations

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• Who was the Lateran accord an agreement between?

• Mussolini and the Pope• Karl Liebknicht belonged to which German

political party?• Social Democrat• With what name did he sign some of his

letters?• Spartacus• Did the Sparticist revolt in 1919 Germany

succeed?• No

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• Who were the only two Presidents of the Weimar Republic?

• Friederich Ebert and Paul Von Hindenburg• To stop this Putsch, the workers of Berlin shut

down the cities utilities and transportation• Kapp Putsch• What did France do to help cause German hyper

inflation?• Occupied the Ruhr Valley• Which two countries signed the Locarno pact• Germany and France

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• In the Locarno pact Germany promised to permanently demilitarize the Rhineland. Who broke this promise?

• Hitler• Who was the leader of the SA or brown shirts?• Ernst Roehm• On what night will Ernst get killed by Hitler’

order?• Night of the long knives –June 30, 1034• What did Erich Ludendorf help Hitler try to do in

1923?• Munich Beer Hall Putsch

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• Where did Hitler spend most of 1923/1924?

• In jail

• While in jail what did Hitler write?

• Mein Kampf

• What was Lebensraum to Hitler?

• Living Space

• Where did Hitler propose to get this Lebensraum?

• Soviet Union

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• This event on February 27, 1933 caused President Von Hindenburg to suspend freedom of speech, the press and other civil liberties.

• The Reichstag fire• What did the Reichstag pass by 2/3 vote

on March 23, 1933• The enabling act• What did the enabling act give to Hitler?• Dictatorial powers for 4 years• What right did German Jews lose in 1933?• The right to hold government jobs.

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• These laws defined a person as a jew if they had at least one Jewish grandparent?

• Nuremburg laws

• What did the Nuremburg laws deprive German Jews of?

• Citizenship and the right to marry non-Jews

• This event followed the assassination of a German official in Paris by a Polish Jew.

• Kristalnacht

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• In 1924 France signed an alliance with Czechoslovakia-when would France fail to live up to this alliance?

• When Hitler took the Sudetenland in 1938.• We know that Hitler issued the Nuremburg laws

in 1935, what did he do in that year in violation of the Versailles treaty?

• He declared he would rearm Germany• Where was Italy aggressive in 1935?• Ethiopia• Who was the leader of Ethiopia?• Haile Selassi• To what organization did Haile Selassie protest

this?• League of nations.

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• What did Hitler remilitarize in 1936?

• The Rhineland

• What two agreements did this violate?

• Versailles and Locarno

• What group won the Spanish parliamentary election in 1936?

• The left wing popular front party

• He led the conservatives in the Spanish Civil war against the liberal gov’t.

• Francisco Franco

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• Who aided Franco in his war effort?• Mussolini and Hitler• In 1938 Hitler completed an anschluss

with this country.• Austria• What did Neville Chamberlain give to

Hitler in 1938 to appease him.• The Sudetenland• The meeting between Hitler, Chamberlain

and Daladier is known as the:• Munich Conference

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• What two aspects of the newly created Poland did Germany seek to change?

• Germany wanted the free city of Danzig back and more routes over the Polish Corridor.

• What did Hitler get before he invaded Poland?

• Non-aggression pact with Russia.

• What did Russia get as a result of this agreement?

• A sphere of influence in Eastern Europe

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• What happened on September 1, 1939?

• Hitler invaded Poland, starting WWII

• What happened on Sept. 3, 1939?

• Great Britain and France declared war on Germany

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• He organized the SS

• Heinrich Himmler

• Who became the Prime Minister after Franz von Papen in 1932?

• Kurt Von Schleicher

• Who appointed Hitler to be Chancellor in 1933?

• Paul Von Hindenburg

• Who was Hitler’s Vice chancellor?

• Franz Von Papen

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World War II

Review

78

Was English Economist John Maynard Keynes for or against the harsh war reparations charged to

Germany in the treaty of Versailles?

• Against

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German inflation shot up after the French occupied this German region in 1923.

Ruhr

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Which came first: Mussolini seizing power or Hitler’s “beer

hall Putsch”Mussolini seizing power

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According to this plan from 1924, German war reparations

were reduced and put on a sliding scale.

• Dawes Plan

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Which came first: The Locarno treaty or the Kellogg-Briand

Pact?Treaty of Locarno

83

What agreement outlawed war as a national policy choice?

Kellogg-Briand Pact

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In March of 1936, Hitler rearmed this territory in violation of the Treaty of

Versailles.

Rhineland

85

Which two countries withdrew from the league of nations in

1933?Germany and Japan

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What countries made up the axis powers in 1942?

Japan, Italy, Germany

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Which countries belonged to the Grand Alliance in 1944?

• France, England, America, Russia

88

In October 1935, Mussolini successfully invaded this

country.Ethiopia

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These laws deprived German Jew of all rights of citizenship

• Nuremburg Laws

90

Who appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany?

Hindenburg

91

After what event was the enabling act passed in

Germany?Reichstag fire

92

Who talked Hindenburg into appointing Hitler to

Chancellor?

Franz Von Papen

93

Which came first: the beginning of the Spanish civil

war or the Anschluss?Spanish Civil war

94

Who said “we are 100 years behind the advanced

countries. We must make up this distance in 10 years.

Either we do it or we shall go under”

• Stalin

95

Hitler took this country in 1938 to complete the outlawed

Anschluss he desired.

Austria

96

Czechoslovakia had to lose this in order for England to

gain “Peace in our time”

Sedetenland

97

Who said: “I bring you Peace in our time”?

Neville Chamberlain

British Prime Minister

98

After what meeting did Chamberlain get the paper

which brought “Peace in our time”

Munich Conference 1938

99

Arguably, the Munich agreement between

Chamberlain and Hitler was history’s best example of this:

Appeasement

100

The first “crisis” on the way to world war II occurred when Japan took this territory in

1931.

Manchuria

101

This was signed 8 days before Hitler invaded Poland

Non-Aggression Pact between Russia and

Germany

102

Who made the following statement: “Everything in the

state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the

state”

• Mussolini

103

This country actually separated Germany from East

Prussia?Poland

Polish Corridor

104

For which country was this true: It was bitterly

disappointed by its modest territorial gains by the treaty of

Versailles

• Italy

105

What did Stalin receive as a result of the German invasion

of Poland? 1/2 of Poland

the right to reclaim the Baltic states of Estonia,

Latvia and Lithuania

106

What was the code name to Hitler’s invasion of Russia?

Operation Barbarosa

107

Which of the leaders was able to increase industrial output by

250% before 1933? Stalin

108

He abolished divorce and told women to stay at home and

produce children.• Mussolini

109

The better-off peasants that Stalin sought to liquidate were

known as:

Kulaks

110

According to one young Russian: there was no capital

in Soviet Russia except_____________.Education

111

You could identify Mussolini’s private army because they

wore:

Black shirts

112

In 1922 Mussolini did this to force King Victor Emmanuel III

to give him power.

March on Rome

113

Mussolini accelerated the pace of Italian fascism after

the death of this socialist leader.

Matteotti

114

Hitler sought power through democratic means after the

failure of this event.

• Beer Hall Putsch

115

According to Hitler, how did Germany lose world war I?

They were stabbed in the back by communists

and Jews

116

What was the name of the German government that

followed the German Empire?Weimar Republic

117

What event inspired Hitler to launch the “Beer Hall

Putsch”?.Mussolini’s march on Rome

118

In “Mein Kampf” Hitler outlined his basic themes:

Anti-semitism

living space

leader dictator

119

In a room full of dictators, who would answer if you called out

“il Duce”?

Mussolini

120

He was Hitler’s minister of Propaganda.

Joseph Goebbels

121

According to your text, no factor contributed more to Hitlers success than this.

The economic crisis of the Great Depression

122

This agreement saw the Pope accepting the government of

Benito Mussolini

Lateran treaty 1929

123

On the night of June 30, 1934 Hitler eliminated the storm

trooper leadership, this night was later called:

The night of the Long knives

124

He was the leader of Hitler’s secret police the SS

Himmler

125

What painting describes one event of the Spanish Civil

War?Guernica

126

This French government was a puppet to the Nazi’s after

1942.Vichy

127

What was the first battle to be lost by the army of the German third Reich?

Battle of Britain

128

Hitler’s plan to kill all of the Jews was referred to by this

term:

Final Solution

129

Broad based Russian nationalism, as opposed to

narrow communist ideology, became the powerful unifying

force in what was appropriately called “Great…”

Great Patriotic war of the Fatherland

130

He was the leader of the “Free French” movement

Charles De Gaulle

131

The Germans were turned back at this battle in Southern

Russia.

Stalingrad

132

German General was defeated at this battle in North

Africa only 70 miles from Alexandria, Egypt

El Alemein

133

On June 6, 1944, american and British troops under ________ landed on the beaches of Normandy.

Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower

134

The Japanese lost this battle just off the coast of Australia.

Battle of Coral Sea

135

Victory in Europe came in this month in 1945.

May

136

Victory over Japan came in this month of 1945

September

137

What country created a greater co-prosperity sphere?

Japan