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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences
October 4
Lecture 12
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Office Hour InvitationsOctober 4, 11:30-2:30, Kenny 3102
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A little R&R ….(Review and Reflect)
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Gender Stereotypes
3. Are there subtypes of gender stereotypes?
2. What features characterize gender stereotypes?
1. What are gender stereotypes?
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1. define the term gender stereotype.
2. discuss the functions of gender stereotypes.
By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
3. summarize the results of research on the character-istics of gender stereotypes.
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5. list the stereotype subtypes for females and males.
4. discuss the function of gender stereotype subtypes.
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What are gender stereotypes?
This individual is an accomplished 20th century political figure who, prior to entering politics, worked as a research chemist and as a tax attorney.
This internationally recognized public figure was known to be a loving and involved parent, and had gained a reputation for always being well coifed and tastefully dressed.
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• Gender stereotypes: Cognitive schemas that reflect beliefs about the shared characteristics of females and the shared characteristics of males. May be positive, negative, or neutral.
• Gender stereotypes are automatically activated, influencing perceptions of others and interpretations of
others’ behaviours. Examples: Condry & Condry (1976); Moss-Racusin et al. (2012).
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• Williams and Best (1990, 1999; also see Diekman & Eagly, 2000; Prentice & Carranza, 2002) examined stereotypes across 30 countries:
Recruited participants from diverse countries (e.g., Austria, Bolivia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Peru, New
Zealand, Nigeria, the Unites States).
What features characterize gender stereotypes?
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Presented participants with 300 attributes and asked them to indicate which were more characteristic of men and which were more characteristic of women.
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Defined a stereotypical characteristic as one for which:
1. two-thirds of both females and males within a country agreed that the characteristic described one
sex more than the other (consensus within country).
2. three-quarters of the countries surveyed agreed that the characteristic described one sex more than the other (consensus across countries).
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Characteristics Consensually Associated with Men
Dominant Self-confident Boastful
Adventurous Assertive Unkind
Strong Energetic Opportunistic
Aggressive Coarse Logical
Forceful Clear-thinking Inventive
Independent Active Robust
Unemotional Stern Progressive
Wise Courageous Daring
Ambitious Rational Hardhearted
Determined Disorderly Realistic
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Characteristics Consensually Associated with Women
Charming Fearful Weak
Sensitive Gentle Curious
Emotional Mild Sexy
Shy Pleasant Talkative
Anxious Submissive Affectionate
Attractive Dependent Affected
Meek Kind Softhearted
Sentimental Superstitious Dreamy
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These lists of characteristics were examined in an effort to identify their underlying dimensions. Three dimensions were identified:
3. Positivity: In general, men were viewed more positively than women.
2. Activity: In general, men were viewed as being more active than women.
1. Strength: In general, men were viewed as beingstronger than women.
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Are there subtypes of gender stereotypes?
• Researchers (e.g., DeWall et al., 2005; Edwards, 1992; Six & Eckes, 1991) have identified stereotype subtypes for females and males.
• Stereotype subtypes allow individuals to categorize “unusual” cases as exceptions.
• Six and Eckes (1991) identified 3 female and 5 male subtypes:
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◦ The traditional subtype*: Maternal, devout, conforming, naïve, dependent.
◦ The progressive subtype: Intellectual, independent ambitious, confident, liberated.
◦ The sex bomb subtype: Attractive, seductive, flirtatious.
Female subtypes:
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Male subtypes:
◦ The playboy subtype: Cool, casual, macho, “lady killers.”
◦ The career-oriented subtype*: Intellectual, ambitious, confident, “social climbers.”
◦ The sensitive subtype: Quiet, philanthropic, “softies.”
◦ The bureaucratic subtype: Conservative, conventional, ordinary, common, “boring.”
◦ The egotist subtype: Egotistical, selfish, conceited.
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1. define the term gender stereotype.
2. discuss the functions of gender stereotypes.
By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
3. summarize the results of research on the character-istics of gender stereotypes.
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5. list the stereotype subtypes for females and males.
4. discuss the function of gender stereotype subtypes.
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