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Prof. Marie-Christine Janssens
Centre for Intellectual Property RightsCatholic University Leuven - Belgium
WIPO-UNIDO National Seminar on Managing Intellectual Property of SMEs
Minsk, 23-25 January 2007
Prof. Marie-Christine Janssens
Centre for Intellectual Property RightsCatholic University Leuven - Belgium
WIPO-UNIDO National Seminar on Managing Intellectual Property of SMEs
Minsk, 23-25 January 2007
Protection for databases
22
International contextInternational context
Berne (1908-1948) : article 2(5) Berne (1908-1948) : article 2(5)
Collections of literary or artistic works such as encyclopaedias
and anthologies which, by reason of the selection and
arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations
shall be protected as such, without prejudice to the
copyright in each of the works forming part of such collections.
Collections of literary or artistic works such as encyclopaedias
and anthologies which, by reason of the selection and
arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations
shall be protected as such, without prejudice to the
copyright in each of the works forming part of such collections.
33
Copyright works in databaseCopyright works in database
Copyright database (collection)Copyright database (collection)
44
International contextInternational context
TRIPS (1994) : art. 10.2 TRIPS (1994) : art. 10.2
Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection
or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be
protected as such.
Such protection, which shall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in data or material itself
Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection
or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be
protected as such.
Such protection, which shall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in data or material itself
55
Cf. Copyright Act Belarus 1998/2003Cf. Copyright Act Belarus 1998/2003
Закон Республики Беларусь об авторском праве и
смежных правах.
Закон Республики Беларусь об авторском праве и
смежных правах.
66
Статья 7. Произведения, являющиеся объектами авторского права
1. Объектами авторского права являются:литературные произведения
(включая компьютерные программы и базы данных) 3. (…)Базы данных или компиляции иных материалов в любой форме, представляющие собой по подбору и расположению материалов результат интеллектуального творчества, охраняются как таковые. Такая охрана не распространяется непосредственно на сами данные или материалы и действует без ущерба какому-либо авторскому праву, к сфере распространения которого относятся такие данные или материалы.
Статья 7. Произведения, являющиеся объектами авторского права
1. Объектами авторского права являются:литературные произведения
(включая компьютерные программы и базы данных) 3. (…)Базы данных или компиляции иных материалов в любой форме, представляющие собой по подбору и расположению материалов результат интеллектуального творчества, охраняются как таковые. Такая охрана не распространяется непосредственно на сами данные или материалы и действует без ущерба какому-либо авторскому праву, к сфере распространения которого относятся такие данные или материалы.
77
Situation in EU (prior to 1996)Situation in EU (prior to 1996)
I. Berne Convention (1908-1948)Protection for collections of literary or artistic
works (art. 2.5)
II. Protection for databases containing non-protected materials (TRIPS & WCT) differences between member states (sweat of the
brow v. originality)
III. Protection for non-original databasesUnfair competition law Legislation (Scandinavian countries,
Netherlands)
I. Berne Convention (1908-1948)Protection for collections of literary or artistic
works (art. 2.5)
II. Protection for databases containing non-protected materials (TRIPS & WCT) differences between member states (sweat of the
brow v. originality)
III. Protection for non-original databasesUnfair competition law Legislation (Scandinavian countries,
Netherlands)
OriginalOriginal
OriginalOriginal
88
Call for stronger protectionCall for stronger protection
advent of the information society importance : analogue v. digital environment
have become motor of E-commerce
software-technology necessary tools necessary tools to manage information storage, processing, providing access
information = value
advent of the information society importance : analogue v. digital environment
have become motor of E-commerce
software-technology necessary tools necessary tools to manage information storage, processing, providing access
information = value
99
LES Scandinavia Conference ‘98
Trend in common Increased IP awareness
Trend in common Increased IP awareness
Knowledge and Intellectual Property
are replacing
Capital, Buildings and Machinery as the
Most Important Company Assets
Knowledge and Intellectual Property
are replacing
Capital, Buildings and Machinery as the
Most Important Company Assets
1010
Call for stronger protectionCall for stronger protection advent of the information society
importance : analogue v. digital environment have become motor of E-commerce
software-technology necessary tools necessary tools to manage information storage, processing, providing access
information = value
advent of the information society importance : analogue v. digital environment
have become motor of E-commerce
software-technology necessary tools necessary tools to manage information storage, processing, providing access
information = value
protect “investment” (v. originality)protect “investment” (v. originality)
1111
33Copyright & European Legislation
Copyright & European Legislation
Computer programs (1991)
Rental & Lending right and
neighbouring rights (1992)
Cable and satellite (1993)
Term of protection (1993)
Databases (1996)
Information society (2001)
Resale right (2001)
Computer programs (1991)
Rental & Lending right and
neighbouring rights (1992)
Cable and satellite (1993)
Term of protection (1993)
Databases (1996)
Information society (2001)
Resale right (2001)
Harmonisation copyright protection
Harmonisation copyright protection
Newexclusive
right
Newexclusive
right
1212
CopyrightCopyright
1 Jan. 1998 two-tier protection scheme
1 Jan. 1998 two-tier protection scheme
Sui generis right Sui generis right
Databasecontent(le contenu)
Databasestructure(le contenant)
“Databases”“Databases”
A collection of works, data or other materialsA collection of works, data or other materials
ProtectedProtected
Non- protectedNon- protected
Bare facts‘raw’ information
Bare facts‘raw’ information
A collection of works, data or other materialsA collection of works, data or other materials
texts, sounds, images, numbers, factstexts, sounds, images, numbers, factsmeteorological data, bibliographic data, photographs,DNA seq., photo's of housesmeteorological data, bibliographic data, photographs,DNA seq., photo's of houses
Scope of applicationScope of application
That are independentThat are independent
A collection of works, data or other materials which are independent
A collection of works, data or other materials which are independent
Telephone directory, business directory,URL listings, newspaper clippings, records of births, stock market quotations, trademark registers, tissue banks
Telephone directory, business directory,URL listings, newspaper clippings, records of births, stock market quotations, trademark registers, tissue banks
Scope of applicationScope of application
1717
“Databases”“Databases”
A collection of works, data or other materials
which are independent arranged in a systematic OR methodical
way individually accessible (in whatever way)
A collection of works, data or other materials
which are independent arranged in a systematic OR methodical
way individually accessible (in whatever way)
1818
What is a ‘Database’? (Examples)What is a ‘Database’? (Examples)
Telephone directory
Real estate database
TV program listings
Bibliographic database
Medical lexicon
Ticketing information
Online job ads
Exhibition catalogues
Telephone directory
Real estate database
TV program listings
Bibliographic database
Medical lexicon
Ticketing information
Online job ads
Exhibition catalogues
1919
Exclusion clauses(‘as a rule’)
Exclusion clauses(‘as a rule’)
Computer programmes
Musical compilations no substantial investment
Recording of audiovisual … works as suchNot independent
Computer programmes
Musical compilations no substantial investment
Recording of audiovisual … works as suchNot independent
2020
Definition Database in BelarusDefinition Database in Belarus
Статья 4. Основные понятиябаза данных – компиляция материалов, данных, информации, по подбору и расположению материалов представляющая результат творческого труда; понятие базы данных не распространяется на компьютерную программу, с помощью которой может осуществляться электронный доступ к материалам базы данных
Статья 4. Основные понятиябаза данных – компиляция материалов, данных, информации, по подбору и расположению материалов представляющая результат творческого труда; понятие базы данных не распространяется на компьютерную программу, с помощью которой может осуществляться электронный доступ к материалам базы данных
Object of protectionObject of protection
CopyrightCopyright Sui generis right Sui generis right
Originality
intellectual activitystamp of personality
Selection or arrangementof contents (structure)
Investmentsubstantial ‘obtaining,
verifying, presenting’
nature : of any kindmoney, time, effort, energy
2323
Term of protectionTerm of protection
CopyrightCopyright Sui generis right Sui generis right
Death of author
+70 years
Completion of database
+15 years
2424
Beneficiary of protectionBeneficiary of protection
CopyrightCopyright Sui generis right Sui generis right
Making a (multimedia)databaseMaking a (multimedia)database
Producer information and instruction
designersscriptwriterssoftware developersgraphical designersaudiovisual technicians
contribution client subcontractors
Producer information and instruction
designersscriptwriterssoftware developersgraphical designersaudiovisual technicians
contribution client subcontractors
2525
Beneficiary of protectionBeneficiary of protection
CopyrightCopyright Sui generis right Sui generis right
Author
natural person(s)employees ? national law
Author
natural person(s)employees ? national law
Maker (producer)
natural/legal person initiative & risk investment
Maker (producer)
natural/legal person initiative & risk investment
Restricted actsRestricted acts
CopyrightCopyright Sui generis right Sui generis right
Economic rights (+)
reproduction public communication distribution
Economic rights (+)
reproduction public communication distribution
by any means and in any form
by any means and in any form
Economic rights
extractionre-utilisation
Economic rights
extractionre-utilisation
whole or substantial partwhole or substantial part
2727
ExceptionsExceptions
CopyrightCopyright Sui generis right Sui generis right
•Acts by lawful user•private purposes (but)•teaching & research•public/judicial/ administrative•traditional exceptions
• Acts by lawful user•Private purposes•teaching & research•public/judicial/ administrative
2828
12 December 2005
First evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC
12 December 2005
First evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC
2929
Vague terms to define ‘sui generis rights’ have caused considerable legal uncertainty
Scope of sui generis right was severely curtailed by ECJECJ’s concern (?) new right (
NOT : investment in creation of data’ (comes precariously close to protecting basic information)
BUT only for ‘obtaining, verification or presentation of content’
Economic impact = unprovenEmpirical evidence doubts on the usefulness of the
rightEU database production in 2004 fell to pre-Directive
levels !
Vague terms to define ‘sui generis rights’ have caused considerable legal uncertainty
Scope of sui generis right was severely curtailed by ECJECJ’s concern (?) new right (
NOT : investment in creation of data’ (comes precariously close to protecting basic information)
BUT only for ‘obtaining, verification or presentation of content’
Economic impact = unprovenEmpirical evidence doubts on the usefulness of the
rightEU database production in 2004 fell to pre-Directive
levels !
3131
Three policy optionsRepeal the sui generis rightAmend the sui generis provisionsMaintain the status quo
Three policy optionsRepeal the sui generis rightAmend the sui generis provisionsMaintain the status quo
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