1 Predicate Actants Valency-controlled by Arabic verbs Presented by Dina EL KASSAS Paris VII...

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Predicate Actants Valency-controlled by

Arabic verbsPresented by Dina EL KASSASParis VII University, FranceMiniya University, Egypt

dinaelkassas@hotmail.com

The Second International AUC OXF Conference on Languages and Linguistics

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Overview

Theoretical framework Syntactic functions Arabic complex predicate syntactic structure Conclusion Perspective

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Theoritical FrameworkTheoritical Framework

Semantic Representation

ssyynntthheesisiss

mmuultltiissttrraattaall

Deep Syntactic Representation

Surface Syntactic Representation

Deep Morphological Representation

Surface Morphological Representation

Meaning Text Theory

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Surface Syntactic Representation (SSyntR)

(Part of speech)

(Part of speech(Part of speech)

flexionnel categories

flexionnel categories

surface syntactic relation (SSyntR)

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Exampleʔʔakala ‘ate’akala ‘ate’

(V) Voice: activeMode: indicativeTense: past

tuffahat ‘appel’(N) Def: indefNum: singular

walad ‘boy’(N) Def: defNum: singular

subject dir-obj

ʔakala al+walad+u tuffahat+a+n(V)PAST DEF+(N)+NOM (N)+ACC+INDEF‘The boy ate an apple.’

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SSyntRel controlled by verb valency

1) Subject2) Propositional Subject3) Direct object4) Indirect object5) Pseudo object6) Oblique object I7) Oblique object II

8) Prépositionnel Agent9) Quotative complement10) Attribute11) Copredicate subject12) Copredicate object13) Propositionnel object I14) Propositionnel object II

Actancial relationsActancial relations

Circonstancial relationsCirconstancial relations15) Circonstanciel complement 16) Circonstanciel aspect complement

Other RelationsOther Relations17) Adjonctionnel relation18) Parenthetic relation

19) Proleptic relation20) Relation of reduplication

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Grammaticalised biclausal constructions [V1→V2]

(V1)

(V2)

Jonction

(V) Voice : activeMode : indicativeTense :

(V) Voice : activeMode : indicativeTense : (present)

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Some grammaticalised jonctions

Kaana_V VStatic_V Vphase_V VPCU_V Vmodal_V Inna_V V_Vsubordinate

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Verbal jonctionnel SSyntRel

kaana

(N)(V)

(PRO)

Verbal jonctionnel

(V) Voice : active, Mode : indicative, Tense :

(V) Voice : active, Mode : indicative, Tense :

subject

subject

kaana al+ʔatfaal+ujalʕabuun {humu}

(V)PAST DEF+(N)PL+NOM (V)PRESENT (PRO)

was les enfants play {they}

‘Children was playing.’ ( يلعبون األوالد (كان

Kaana_V

«[kaana NS1]P1 [V PROS2]P2 »

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Some asyndetic grammaticalised jonctions

Kaana_V VStatic_V Vphase_V VPCU_V Vmodal_V Inna_V V_Vsubordinate

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Attributive SSyntRelʔamsaa

(N)(V)

(PRO)

Attributive

(V) Voice : active, Mode : indicative, Tense :

(V) Voice : active, Mode : indicative, Tense :

subject

subject

ʔamsaa al+ʔatfaal+ujalʕabuun {humu}

(V)PAST DEF+(N)PL+NOM (V)PRESENT (PRO)pass the night les enfants play {they}‘Children passed the night playing.’ ( يلعبون األوالد (أمسى

Vstatic_V

«[ʔamsaa NS1]P1 [V PROS2]P2 »

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Other examplesasbaha  al+ʔawlaad+u jalʕabuun {humu}

(V)PAST DEF+(N)+NOM (V)PRESENT {PRO}

pass the morning children play {they}

Økaana al+ʔawlaad+u jalʕabuun {humu}

kaana al+ʔawlaad+u jalʕabuun {humu}

adhaa al+ʔawlaad+u jalʕabuun {humu}

baata al+ʔawlaad+u jalʕabuun {humu}

Vstatic_V

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A particularity of kaana

kaana al+ʔawlaad+ujamsuun {humu} jalʕabuun {humu}

‘Children was spending night playing.’ ( يلعبون يمسون األوالد@ (كان

kaana

(N)(V)

(PRO)

Verbal jonctionnel

(V) Voice : active, Mode : indicative, Tense :

subject

subject

(V)

attributive

subject

(PRO)

(V) Voice : active, Mode : indicative, Tense: present

(V) Voice : active, Mode : indicative, Tense: present

«[kaana NS1]P1 [Static Verb PROS2]P2 [V PROS3]P3 »

Vstatic_V

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Some asyndetic grammaticalised jonctions

Kaana_V VStatic_V Vphase_V VPCU_V Vmodal_V Inna_V V_Vsubordinate

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Phase verbs in Traditional arabic grammar (TAD) I

TAD mixed together sixteen verbs under the name of kaada and its sisters ( وأخواتها These verbs are categorised .(كادalso as incomplete verbs ( ناقصة They are also called .(أفعالverbs of approximation and strarting. ( المقاربة أفعال .(والشروع

According to the traditional analyse, this group of verbs governed an ʔism ‘a substantive’ in the nominative case and a propositional χabar. The syntactic head of the so-called χabar is a verb in present tense, governing a subjective pronoun corefering with the ʔism. That mean that these verbs has a predicate syntactic actant.

Vphase_V

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Phase verbs in Traditional arabic grammar (TAD) II

According to their semantic, these verbs are subdivised to: Inchoative verbs : e.g. badaʔa, ʔaχaða and qaamaEvaluative verbs: e.g. kaada, a∫rafa, karuba et

aw∫aka ‘nearly’, ‘almost’.Verbs expressing the desir that an action occur

when the opposite is apprehended: e.g. ʕasaa, harij, uχlawlaq ‘on the condition that/ hoping that’.

Vphase_V

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Direct-objectival SSyntRel

and phase verbsA phase verb may governed one of the following syntactic structures:

(V)

subj

(N)

dir-obj

ʔan(CONJ)

conj-sub

(V2)(V)SUBJ

subject

(PRO)

(V)

dir-obj

masdar(Nmasdar)

(V)

dir-obj

(PREP)

prepositionnel

masdar(Nmasdar)

Vphase_V

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But inchoative verbs governed also this construction

Vphase_V

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The [V1→V2] and inchoative verbsObject complement relation

ʔaχaða = ‘start’(V1) Voice : active Mode : indicative Tense : past

subject

zajd

dir-obj-propositionnel 1

juðaakiru = ‘study’(V2) Voice : active Mode : indicative Tense : presentsubject

(PRO)

ʔaχaða zajd+u+n juðaakiru {huwa}(V)PAST (N)+NOM+INDEF (V)PRESENTstart Zayd study {he}‘Zayd start studying.’ ( يذاكر Rزيٌد (اخذ

(N)

Vphase_V

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Another Exampleʔaqbala1 | qaama1 al+ʔawlaad+u jaʕmaluun

{humu}

(V)PAST DEF+(N)+NOM (V)PRESENT

Start children work (they)

‘Children start working.’ ( يعملون | األوالد قام (أقبل

vsvs

ʔaqbala2 | qaama2 al+ʔawlaad+u

(V)PAST DEF+(N)+NOM

Came nearer | stand up children

‘Children came nearer |stant up.’ ( األوالد| قام (أقبل

Vphase_V

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Some asyndetic grammaticalised jonctions

Kaana_V VStatic_V Vphase_V VPCU_V Vmodal_V Inna_V V_Vsubordinate

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Valency of PCU verbs

By PCU verbs, we refere to the group named zanna ‘estimate’ and its sisters ( وأخواتها (ظنand the group called ʔaraa ‘see’ and its sisters ( وأخواتها .(أرى

Verbe PCU

(V2)

dir-obj propositionnel 2

(V) Voice: xMode: y, Tense: z

(V) Voix: indicativeMode: y’, Tense: z’

ʔanna(PREPé)

(PRO)

prolepse

Prep-evidentiality

(N)

VPCU_V

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The construction [V1→V2] and PCU verbs

juðaakiru

prolepse

ʔanna (PRO)

prep-evidentiality

walad

hasiba

Dir-obj-prop2

ʔanna

subject

(PRO)

copredicate

(V3)

Dir-obj

(N)PL, DEF

(PRO)

(V1)

Dir-obj-prop2

(V2)

hasiba zajd+u+n ʔanna al+ʔawlaad+a juðaakiruun {humu}(V)PAST(N)+NOM+INDEF (PREPe) DEF+(N)+ACC (V)PRESENT (PRO)thought Zayd about children study {they}‘Zayd thought children was studying.’ ( يذاكرون األوالد أن زيٌد (حسب

(V1)

(N)PL, DEF

(V2)

hasiba

juðaakiru walad

Direct-object complement

VPCU_V

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Some asyndetic grammaticalised jonctions

Kaana_V VStatic_V Vphase_V VPCU_V Vmodal_V V_Vsubordinate

Inna_V

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Objective-copredicative

SSyntRtaraktu(V)ind, past

subject

ʔanaa(PRO)1,SG

dir-obj

walad(N,masc)PL,DEF

obj-copred

laʕiba(V)ind, present

subject

huwa(PRO)

taraktu {ʔanaa} al+ʔawlaad+a jalʕabuun {humu}(V1)PAST DEF+(N)+ACC (V2)PRESENTleft {I} les enfants play {they}‘I left children playing.’ ( يلعبون األوالد@ (تركت

Vmodal_V

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Some asyndetic grammaticalised jonctions

Kaana_V VStatic_V Vphase_V VPCU_V Vmodal_V V_Vsubordinate

Inna_V

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A particular subordinated construction

ðaakir {ʔanta} tanʤaha {ʔanta}(V)Imperative (V)Imperative ‘If you study you will success.’‘Study to success.’ ( تنجح (ذاكر

ðaakir = ‘study’(V1) Voice : active Mode : imperative

subject

ʔanta

cicronstancial

tanʤaha = ‘success’(V2) Voice : active Mode : imperative

subject

ʔanta

(N)

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Another example:An indirect speech

[saʔaltu#hu {ʔanaa}]P1 [maaðaa juriidu {huwa}]P2

(V1)PAST#(PRO) (ADV) (V2)PRESENT

asked#him {I} what wants {he}

‘I asked him what did he want.’

‘Je lui ai demandé ce qu’il voulait.’ ( يريٌد ماذا (سألته

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Some asyndetic grammaticalised jonctions

Kaana_V VStatic_V Vphase_V VPCU_V Vmodal_V V_Vsubordinate

Inna_V

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ʔinna’s groupverb or a preposition

inna

subject

(PRO)

copredicate

(V)

dir-obj

(N)

(PRO)

((V)ind, past

ʔinna {huwa} al+ʔawlaad+a ʔakaluu {humu} al+tuffaah+a

(kaʔanna | laʕalla) al+ʔawlaad+a ʔakaluu {humu} al+tuffaah+a

(V)

prolepse

inna

prep-evidential

(N)case = accusative

(PRO)(PREPe)

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Conclusion

Predominance of parataxis aspect in arabic Particular interpropositionnel syntactic relation

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Perspective

An exhaustive inventory of verbs admitting a finite verb as a syntactic actant.

More studies about the parataxis aspect of arabic language.

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Thank you