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Physical Limits
• Chip Charles Babbage (1791–1871)• The Difference Engine, 1823
– Special purpose device intended for the production of tables.
– Made prototypes of parts of the engine– Unfinished project– London Science Museum made a working model in 1991.
• The Analytical Engine, 1834– General purpose device– Uses punched cards– Only planned
• Important idea: The programmable computer
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Model in London Science Museum
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Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace
(1815-1852)• During a nine-month period in 1842-
1843, Ada translated for Babbage Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's memoir on Babbage's newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine.
• With the article, she appended a set of Notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Engine, recognized by historians as the world's first computer program. (disputed).
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Willgodt T. Odhner, 1874
• Factory in St. Petersburg• Moved to Moscow after the
revolution, soon discontinued• Odhner's legal successors went to
Sweden, founded Aktiebolaget Original Odhner in Gothenburg
• Production continued until early 1970s
• Lots of similar clones worldwide(example: 1950s version)
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Original Odhner
1874
1950s
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Herman Hollerith, 1890
• Won the contract to supply his system for the Eleventh Cencus of the United States
• Developed an entire integrated system of machines, data recording devices and processes for automating the enumeration
• A key element in his systems was the use of punched cards
• This type of were still in use by the data processing industry into the 1970s
• Founded the company that later became IBM
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John Ambrose Fleming, 1904
• Invents the thermionic valve / vacuum tube
• The beginning of electronics• Used for signal amplification
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First vacuum tube computer
• 1937-1942 - John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry builds the first digital electronic computer (ABC).
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ABC
• Introduced the ideas of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, and logic circuits
• Special purpose computer. Used binary math to solve differential equations
• Made of 300 vacuum tubes, card readers to input data, memory drums that stored information as electrical charges
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Vacuum tube memory
Cathode-ray tubememory, from theIBM 701 DefenseCalculator, 1952
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The Transistor
• Invented in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & William Shockley at Bell Labs.
• Considered by many to be one of the greatest inventions in modern history
• Key active component in practically all modern electronics
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The Transistor explained
Idea: Use a smallamount of currentto control a largeamout of current.
Can be used as a switch or an amplifier.
collector
emitter
base
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The Integrated Circuit
• 1954 - SAGE aircraft-warning system the largest vacuum tube computer system ever built. 55000 tubes, 275 tons.
• 1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patents the first integrated circuit, a small package of transistors (among other components).
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The first Personal Computer?
• Ambiguous question• Some digital, automatic,
programmable, accessible, small, inexpensive, simple computers:– Commodore 64 (1982)– IBM PC (1981)– Apple ][ (1977)
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Computers in war
(handout next page)
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Развитие отечественной
техники1952 БЭСМ-11958 БЭСМ-2, М-20
М-40БЭСМ-3МБЭСМ-4
1966 БЭСМ-6Эльбрус-Б
1973 АС-6
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