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8/2/2019 1- Overview of Demographic Concepts
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Overview ofDemographic Concepts
Josefina N. Natividad, D.Sc
TrainingCourseonBasicDemography
RichvilleHotel,MandaluyongCity
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TrainingCourseonBasicDemography
RichvilleHotel,MandaluyongCity
SourcesofPopula.onData
Popula'onDataismainlyobtainedthruthe
followingsources:
1.Census2.VitalRegistra'onSystem3.SampleSurveys4.Administra'veRecords
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Census Thisisacompleteenumera'onorcountofpopula'on
thepopula'onresidinginapar'culararea
ItisconductedbytheNa'onalSta's'csOfficeforapar'cularappointed'meindesiredintervals(usually5
or10yearintervals)
ThelatestcensuswasconductedinMay17,2010.
SourcesofPopula.onData
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SourcesofPopula.onData
VitalRegistra/onSystem TheNa'onalSta's'csOfficethruthelocalcivilregistrars
collectsinforma'ononvitaleventssuchas Births Deaths Marriages
Includinginstanceswhenmaritaldissolu'onoccurs
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SampleSurveys Usesasampleofthetargetpopula'ontoproduce
es'mates
Maybeconductedforthena'onalorsub-na'onalscaleSomeexamplesinclude:
Na'onalDemographicandHealthSurveys(NDHS), FamilyIncomeandExpenditureSurvey(FIES), LaborForceSurvey(LFS),amongothers.
SourcesofPopula.onData
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SourcesofPopula.onData
Administra/veRecords
Informa'onisbasedontheopera'onsofthepar'cularcollec'ngagency
Someexamplesinclude:
Educa'onperformance(DepartmentofEduca'on) Immuniza'on (DepartmentofHealth) Voterprofile (CommissiononElec'ons)
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Popula.onSize
Thisreferstothetotalpopula'onofapar'cularsizelocalityorterritoryataspecific'meperiod.
Totalpopula'onincludesallpersonslivinginprivatehouseholdsandthoselivinginins'tu'onalquarterslikeprisons,dormitories,hospitals,hotels,etc.,aswellasthosewhoareinembassies,
consulatesandmissionsabroad.
Land-basedOverseasFilipinoWorkers(OFWs)areincludedinthetotalcountaslongastheyfallwithinacut-offreferenceperiod
(usually5years).
Seafarersareincludedinthetotalpopula'oncount.
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RichvilleHotel,MandaluyongCity
76103
160192
271
367
421
481
607
686
765
886
1.92
2.22
1.91
3.06 3.01
2.782.71
2.35 2.33 2.36
2.04
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
1903 1918 1939 1948 1960 1970 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2007
Popula.onGrowthRat
e
TotalPopula.oninmillio
ns
Popula.onCensusYear
Popula.onSize:Philippines
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Popula.onSize
Theofficialcountofthepopula'onasofthe2007CensusofPopula'onandHousingwas
88,548,366persons
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Popula.onComposi.on
Thepopula'onmaybedescribedusingcertaincharacteris'cswhichmaybephysical,economic,
cultural,social,behavioral,atudinal,or
demographicinnature.
Howcanthepopula/onbedescribed?
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RichvilleHotel,MandaluyongCity
Popula.onComposi.on
Thefigureonthele,
calledapopula.on
pyramid,showsthe
composi'onofthePhilippinepopula'on
byageandsex.
Thisfiguremaybe
usedtodescribeanypopula'onsage-sex
structure.
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Popula.onProcesses
The3majorpopula'onprocessesthatdefinea
popula'onsdemographiccharacteris'csare:
1.Fer'lity2.Mortalityand,3.Migra'on
Letusexamineeachinturn
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Fer/lity
Popula.onProcesses
referstothecapacityofawomanoracoupleto
producechildren,measuredintermsofthe
numberoflivebirths.
Fertility vs. FecundityFer/lityisthecapacitytoproducechildrenwhile
fecundityreferstophysiologicalcapacitytobear
children.Thusawomanwhoisfer/leisfecundbutaninfer/lewomanmaynotnecessarilybeinfecund
(i.e.awomanwhodoesnothavechildrenyetdoes
notmeanshecannotbearachild!)
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Popula.onProcesses
Mortality
referstothecompleteabsenceorthecessa'onoflife.
expressedintermsofthenumberofdeaths(e.g.infantdeaths,neonatalorpost-neonatal,
childdeaths,adultdeaths).
apersonwhowasseeminglylifelessforsomeNmebutwasneverthelessresuscitatedcannotbeconsidereddead
abirthwhichhasshownsomesignoflife(evenforaveryshortNme)cannotbeconsideredborndead
SignsofLife
crying,
twitchingofmuscle
dila'onofthepupil
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Popula.onProcesses
Migra/onthegeographicmovementofanindividualthatinvolves
crossingaterritorialboundarywiththepurposeof
changingpermanentresidence.
Internal
MigraNon
InternaNonal
MigraNon
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Popula.onChange
Thetotalpopula'onsizeofasub-na'onalareamayincreaseor
decreasedependingonthenumberofbirths,deaths,in-migrants
orout-migrants.
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Popula.onBalancingEqua.on
Pungalltheseprocessestogether,wecantalkofasingleequa'onto
summarizetheirrela'onshipswhichdefinethecharacteris'csofthe
popula'on
P2=P1+(B-D)+(IM-OM)aturalIncrease etMigraNon
P2 =thepopula'onatalaterdate
P1 =thepopula'onataearlierdateB =thenumberofbirths
D =isthenumberofdeaths
IM =isin-migra'on(orimmigra'on)OM=isout-migra'on(oremigra'on)
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DemographicMeasures
Ratesmeasurethelikelihoodoftheoccurrenceofapar'cular
eventinapopula'onversusthepopula.onexposedto
theriskofthateventwithinaspecified'me
EXAMPLE:
AGE-SPECIFICFERTILITYRATE
Births15-19-------------------------
Women15-19
Theage-specificfer'lityratemeasuresthenumberofbirthsoccurringamongwomen
ofapar'cularagegroup.
Inthiscase,welookatthebirthsamong
womenaged15-19againstthepopula'on
exposedtotheriskofgivingbirthatthatage(meaning:onlythosewomenaged
15-19!).
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DemographicMeasures
TypesofRatesRatesmaybeclassifiedascrudeorspecific.The
maindifferenceliesinthedenominatorusedto
calculatetherate.
Acruderateiscomputedwhenthereisno
regardtothevaryingexposuretotheevent
ofthepersonsthatcomprisethetotal
popula'oninthedenominator.
(Themenandthosewhoarebeyondtheir
reproducNveagesaresNllcountedhere!)
Specificratesontheotherhand
onlyusesthepopula'onexposed
totheriskofthateventinthe
denominator.
(Everybodyisatriskofdying
regardlessofgender)
CRUDEDEATHRATE
Deaths-------------------------
MidyearPopula'on
CRUDEBIRTHRATE
Births-------------------------
MidyearPopula'on
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DemographicMeasures
MoreonratesCruderatesdividestheeventsbyapopula'on,includingthosewhichare
notnecessarilyexposedtotherisk.
Inourpreviousexample,thecrudebirthratedividesthenumberofbirthsbythe
midyearpopulaNon(whichincludes,themenandthosewhoarebeyondthe
reproducNveages,i.e.thosebelow15orover49)
Specificratesontheotherhand,takesintoaccountvaryingpopula'on
characteris'cs.Weknowfromtheorythatagehasaneffectonthefer'lity
ofwomen(i.e.therewillbemorebirthsamongtheyoungerwomen
comparedtotheold)
Thusinourpreviousexample,weonlyusedthenumberofbirthsbornto
womenaged15-19dividedbythetotalnumberofwomenaged15-19.
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DemographicMeasures
SomeexamplesofRates:
Popula'onGrowthRate
TotalFer'lityRate
Contracep'vePrevalenceRate
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DemographicMeasures
Ra/oWhenonewishestorelateonenumbertoanother
number,ara'ocanbecalculated.
Wemaywanttocomparethenumberofmalesvis--visthenumberoffemalesinaparNcularpopulaNon,
thuswecomputeasexraNo.Wethereforedividethe
numberofmalesagainstthenumberoffemales.The
iniNalanswerisusuallymulNpliedbyaktoenableoneto
interprettheraNomoreeasily.
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DemographicMeasures
Anotherexample:Ifamunicipalityhasatotalpoliceforceof20menandofficers
andthemunicipalityhasatotalpopula'onof10,500persons,
howmanypolicemenarethereforevery1,000persons?
=2,000
20policemen
10,500persons
1,000
Toknowthis,wesimplydivideonegroupoverthe
otherandmulNplybyourdesirednumber:
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DemographicMeasures
Somecommonlyusedra/os:
Canyougiveotherra'oswhichcanbeusefulin
yourownwork?
DoctorstoPopulaNonraNo
HospitalBedstoPopulaNonraNoTextbooktoPupilraNo
TeachertoStudentRaNo
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DemographicMeasures
Propor/on
Tostudytherela'onofonesub-groupinthe
popula'ontothetotalpopula'onitself,apropor'onisused.
Thismeansthatthenumberinthenumeratorisa
memberofthepopula'onusedinthe
denominator.Dividingthesenumberswillgiveyou
apropor'on.
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DemographicMeasures
PercentageWhenthepropor'onisexpressed
asunitsof100,apercentageis
produced.
Accordingtothe2000Census,thenumberofMalesin
thePhilippinesis38,524,266,whilethetotalpopula'on
is76,504,077
CanyoutellwhatproporNonaremalesinthe
Philippinesforthatyear?
WhatpercentageofthePhilippinepopulaNonare
femalesthen?
.5036
49.64%
Heresanexample:
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DemographicMeasures
IfyourememberyourbasicstaNsNcscourses,youforsurehaveencountered
whatarecalledMeasuresofCentralTendency.Theymayalsobeusedfor
compuNngpopulaNonindicators.Theseinclude:
Mean
oraverageexpressestheamountofthecharacteris'coreventpermemberorunit(inthe
denominator)assumingeachmemberorunit
possessesanequalshareofthecharacteris'corevent
(inthenumerator).
Forexample,ifyoudivideyourtotalpopulaNonversusyourtotal
numberofhouseholds,youwillgettheaveragenumberofpersons
perhousehold.
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MedianThemediandividesthepopula'on
intotwoequalgroupsaccordingtothe
characteris'coneislookingat.
DemographicMeasures
Canyougivesomepopula'oncharacteris'cswhere
youcanusethemeanormedianwith?
Forexample,whenonespeaksofamedianage,thiswillmeanthathalf
ofthemembersofthepopulaNonwillbeolderthanthemedianage,
whiletheotherhalfofthepopulaNonisyoungerthanyourmedianage.
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DemographicMeasures
Percentdifference
Thismeasureshowbigonenumberisagainstanother
number.Theirrela'vedifferenceisexpressedasa
percentage,thuscalledpercentdifference.
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Rateofchange
DemographicMeasures
Likeourpreviousexample,therateofchangecomparestwo
valuestogether.Howeverinthiscase,welookathowmuchone
valuehaschanged(increaseordecrease)overtwopointsin
'me.Theincrement(i.e.thedifference)isexpressedinpercentage(overorunder)theothervalue.
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DemographicMeasures
MidyearPopula/on
Themidyearpopula'onreferstothesizeofthepopula'on
ofapar'cularareaasofJuly1oftheyearforwhichthe
rateisbeingcomputed.
Itisanapproxima.onofthepopula.onexposedtothe
riskofapar'cularevent,wheneverthisvalueisnotreadily
available
Thisvaluemaybecalculatedforthetotalpopula'onoror
accordingtospecificcharacteris'csofinterest(e.g.age,
gender,educa'onetc.
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DemographicMeasures
Calcula/ngtheMidyearPopula/on
Themidyearpopula'onisderivedusingtheformula:
P1 =Popula'onintheearliercensus
P2 =Popula'oninthelatercensus
n =numberofmonthsbetweenP1anddesired midyearpopula'ones'mate
N =numberofmonthsbetweenP1andP2
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DemographicMeasures
1990 2000 20071-May 1-May 1-Aug
60,703,206 76,504,077 88,574,614
Theabovetablegivesthetotalpopula'onofthe
Philippinesaccordingto3succeedingcensusyears.
GivenourformulaforcalculaNngthemidyearpopulaNon,canyoucomputeforthemidyearpopulaNonin1995?
Howboutin2005?
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Thank You!
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