View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
1/99
1
Computer Concepts
Introduction to ComputersMr. John Oliver P. Brioso
IAS - IT Department
Far Eastern University
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
2/99
2
Data Processing
datainformation
processing
storage
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
3/99
3
Data Processing
Data- raw fact, e.g. name, age, sex, score
Information - process data, e.g. number of students,average age,
number of male students, highest score in a quiz
Data Processing
The manipulation of raw data into a more useful form
called information.The modern name of paperwork and involvescollection, processing and distributing of facts andfigures to achieve a desired result.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
4/99
4
Data Processing Cycle
1. Input- initial data is entered.
2. Processing- input data is changed and is
usually combined with other information.3. Store- input data and results are stored forfuture use
4. Output- Results are collected
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
5/99
5
Basic Data ProcessingActivities
Recording
Storing
retrievingselecting/classifying
sorting
computing
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
6/99
6
Types of Data Processing
1. Manual Data Processing.The processing ofdata manually or through mechanical devices.
2. Electronic Data Processing.The processingof data through the use of computers.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
7/99
7
Methods of Data Processing
1. Batch Processing
2. On-Line Processing3. Real-Time Processing
4. Distributed Processing
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
8/99
8
Methods of Data Processing
1. Batch Processing. Data are collected by
groups to permit convenient, efficient andserial processing.
2. On-Line Processing. Uses device directlyconnected to the CPU either for data entry or
inquiry purposes.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
9/99
9
Methods of Data Processing
3. Real-Time Processing. Has a capability of fast response toobtain data from an activity or aphysical process, performcomputations and return a response fast enough to affect the
outcome of the activity or process.
4. Distributed Processing. Generally consists of remote terinalslinked to a large central computer systems to help the userconduct inquiries about accounts, process jobs or other dataprocessing operations.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
10/99
10
is an electronic device designed to manipulatedata so that useful information can begenerated.
What is a Computer?
is an electronic device designed to acceptdata, process data based on stored instructions,store data so that useful information can be
generated.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
11/99
11
Characteristics of a Computer
1. It is a machine.
2. It is electronic.
3. It is automatic.
4. It can manipulate data.
5. It has a memory.
6. It has logic functions.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
12/99
12
Capabilities of a Computer
1. Speed
2. Repetitiveness
3. Accuracy
4. Logical operations
5. Store and recall information
6. Self-checking
7. Self-operating
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
13/99
13
Limitations of a Computer
1. The computer cannot generate information on itsown.
2. A computer cannot correct wrong instructions.
3. A computer cannot come out with an originaldecision.
4. A computer cannot derive meanings from objects
5. Dependence on prepared instructions
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
14/99
14
Classification of Computers
oAccording to purposeGeneral PurposeSpecific Purpose
o According to data handledAnalogDigitalHybrid
oAccording to capacitySuper computersMainframeMidrangeMini-computersMicrocomputers
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
15/99
15
Classification of Computers
General Purpose.Handles variety of different problems and to meet different needs(e.g. varied business applications such as payroll, accounts receivable,inventory control, budgeting and sales analysis)
Specific Purpose.Handles specific problem or to perform a specific task. (e.g. thoseused for collecting highway tolls, airline reservations, satellitetracking, air traffic control and industrial process control).
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
16/99
16
Classification of Computers
Analog computersComputers commonly used for scientific and engineering problems,
particularly in chemical industries, electric power plants, and petroleumrefineries.
Digital computers
Digital computers are computers that specialize in counting or discretevalues such as business systems.
Hybrid computersMachines that incorporate in a single computer both the analog and digital
features. These computers are used in working out special types of
problems in science and various areas of engineering, such as spacevehicle simulations and training of astronauts.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
17/99
17
Classification of Computers
Super ComputersThese are the biggest and fastest machines today where numerical
computations are carried out at speeds of up to 50 million operationsper second.
Mainframes These computers are the ultimate in sophistication, flexibility and
speed. These are very expensive machines and their main concern is to prove
their cost effectiveness. These computers are valuable to the larger firms which can provide
both skilled programmers and continuous applications, involvingthousands of employees and hundreds of thousands of customeraccounts on a daily basis.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
18/99
18
Classification of Computers
Midrange computersThese computers provide greater operating speed, larger memorycapacity, and high-speed input-output devices than the mini-computers and microcomputers.
It have a unique feature called virtual memory by which the mainmemory capacity is made to appear larger than the actual size.
Mini-ComputersThese are increasingly powerful and do almost anything that large
computers do, only more slowly and at much lower cost.
This makes it ideal for small companies where capacity and speed ofoperations is not highly critical.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
19/99
19
Classification of Computers
MicrocomputersSometimes called a SINGLE-CHIP PROCESSOR or a
SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP, the microcomputers is a digitalcomputer system that uses a microprocessor (the CPU
on a chip), a programmable ROM and a RAM. Basicallydesigned for hobbyist.
notebook computerslow-end functional computers (cheap PCs)fully-powered PCs
workstations
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
20/99
20
Computer Description
A mainframe is a big, powerful, expensive computer that can support manyusers at the same time. Large businesses and organizations use mainframes.
Capacity: Enormous - the capacity of several hundred or even thousands ofPCs
Speed: Very fast - much, much faster than a PC
Cost: Very, very expensive - can usually only be afforded by large organizations
Users: Only used by large businesses and organizations
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
21/99
21
Computer Description
A PC is apersonal computer, originally designed by IBM way back in
1981. Many different companies make PCs, but all of them are IBM-compatible. What this means, according to Bill Gates, is that they will allrun Microsoft Windows.
Capacity:Average hard disk size is 20 GB to 80 GB
Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 1 GHz to 3 GHz
Cost: Fairly inexpensive - under $1,000 - and getting cheaper every day!
Users: Just about everyone uses a PC! Homes, offices, schools
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
22/99
22
Computer Description
Developed by Apple, a Macintosh is a computer, but it is NOT a PC.Macs have a
different operating system and use their own software andhardware.
Capacity:Average hard disk size is 20 GB to 80 GB
Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 500 MHz to 2 GHz
Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but usually more than an equivalent PC
Users: Just about everyone, especially in the education and design
fields
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
23/99
23
Computer Description
A network is a group of computers that are connected so that they can shareequipment and information. Most people on a network use workstations, which aresimply PCs that are connected to the network. A server is a central computer whereusers on the network can save their files and information.
Capacity: (Workstation) Same as a PC, only needs an inexpensive network card(Server) Greater than a PC, often more than 100 GE
Speed: (Workstation) Same as a PC (Server) Generally faster than a PC, may usemultiple CPUs
Cost: (Workstation) Same as a PC (Server) More expensive than a PC but not ascostly as a mainframe
Users: (Workstation) People in a networked office or organization (Server) Generally a
network administrator or engineer
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
24/99
24
Computer Description
A laptop, or notebook, is a lighter and more portable version of
a PC or Mac that can run on batteries.Capacity:Average hard disk size is 10 GB to 40 GB
Speed: Fast, but slightly less than a PC. Average speed is from700 MHz to 2 GHz
Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but more than an equivalent PC
Users: People on the move, especially business people and
students
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
25/99
25
Computer Description
A PDA (Personal Data Assistant) is a handheld computer that is
generally used tokeep track of appointments and addresses.
Capacity: Much smaller than a PC - 8 MB to 64 MB of storagespace
Speed: Much slower than a PC - 8 MHz to 266 MHz
Cost: Expensive when compared to the capacities of a PC
Users: Business people and others who need to be organized
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
26/99
Parts of a Computer
Component Description
Case or System Unit The main computer box, technically known as the system unit, is the mostimportant part of a computer. It contains the guts and brains of the computer.The system unit contains a lot of holes or ports where you plug in the rest of thecomputer system.
Monitor The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer displaysinformation.
Keyboard The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do.
Mouse Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use tocommunicate with your computer.
Speakers Most computers can make sounds, just like a stereo system. In fact, you caneven listen to audio CDs on most computers or watch DVDs.
Printer A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto paper, ora hardcopy.
26
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
27/99
The Front of a Computer Case
27
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
28/99
The Front of a Computer Case
Item Description
System Unit or Computer
Case
A plastic or metal case with slots, buttons, and lights in the front andholes in the back. This is the most important part of a computerbecause it contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The system unitdirects the computer, performs calculations, and stores information.
Floppy Drive Reads and writes to 3 - inch floppy disks. A floppy disk can storeabout 1.5 MB of informationabout as much as a novel.
Hard Drive The computers main, long-term storing device. Unlike floppy disks andCD-ROMs, you typically cannot remove a hard disk.
28
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
29/99
The Front of a Computer Case
CDROM or DVD Drive CD-ROMs and DVDs for your computer can store lots of information and look exactly likeCDs for your stereo and DVDs for your home DVD player.
The only read difference between a CD-ROM and a DVD is how much information theycan store. A CD-ROM and a DVD can store at least 700 MB of information, while a DVDcan store much moreup to 4.7 GB or 9.4 GB on a dual-layer DVD.
Zip Drive A special type of disk drive that can read and write to Zip disks. A Zip disk is a lot like afloppy disk, although they are faster and can store more informationfrom 100 to 250MB.
Tape Backup A device that you can use to store backups, or copies, of the information on a computers
hard drive.
29
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
30/99
The Front of a Computer Case
I
N
P
U
T
Keyboard The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do.
Mouse Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use tocommunicate with your computer.
Scanner Scanners work like photocopiers, except the image is translated into a digitalimage in your computer rather than copied onto paper.
O
U
T
PU
T
Monitor The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer displaysinformation.
Speakers If visible, your computer speakers are similar to those on a stereo system (or at
least a cheap stereo system). They allow your computer to play sounds.
Printer A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto paper, ora hardcopy.
30
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
31/99
Whats Inside a Computer Case?
31
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
32/99
Whats Inside a Computer Case?
Motherboard
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
Random Access
Memory (RAM)
ROM-BIOSExpansion Slot
Expansion Card
PCMCIA Cards
32
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
33/99
Whats Inside a Computer Case?
Item Description
Motherboard The main piece of circuitry in a computer. Everything connects to or is wired to themotherboard.
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
The computers brain or heart, the CPU is a computers main chip. The CPU is
really nothing more than an incredibly fast and powerful calculator.
Random Access
Memory (RAM)
A computers temporary storage place, where it gets its work done. For example,
when you use a word processor to type a letter, the letter is stored in thecomputers memory.
ROM-BIOS A computers ROM-BIOS (stands for Read Only MemoryBasic Input/OutputSystem) is a special chip with instructions for the computer to communicate withother hardware parts.
33
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
34/99
Whats Inside a Computer Case?
Expansion Slot An expansion slot lets you add more features and capabilities to acomputer by plugging in expansion cards.
Expansion Card A card that allows you to expand your computers capabilities, such as
modem card, a network card, a video card, or a sound card.
PCMCIA Cards Notebook computers are too small to use expansion cards, so they usespecial credit-card sized PCMCIA cards instead. You plug in a PCMCIAcard, or PC Card, into a notebook computer to give it more features andcapabilities. Nobodys getting tested o this, but PCMCIA stands for
Present Computer Memory Card International Association.
34
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
35/99
The Back of a Computer (Ports)
35
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
36/99
The Back of a Computer (Ports)
Port Icon Description
The keyboard and mouse jacks look identical on most PCs, solook for colors and icons to help you with plugging in thesedevices.
Serial (or COM) ports are a very versatile type of port. Some ofthe things you can plug into a serial port include: a mouse,modem, scanner, or digital camera. Most computers have twoserial ports: COM1 and COM2.
You plug your printer into the parallel, or printer, port. Manynewer printers may use a USB port.
36
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
37/99
The Back of a Computer (Ports)
Port Icon Description
Designed to replace older Serial and Parallel ports, the USB(Universal Serial Bus) can connect computers with a number ofdevices, such as printers, keyboards, mice, scanners, digitalcameras, PDAs, and more. Better yet, the USB port supportsplug-and-play, so you can simply plug in a USB device and startusing it. USB 1 ports can transfer information at a speed up to12 Mbps (Megabytes per Second). Newer USB 2 ports cantransfer information at a speed up to 480 Mbps. Mostcomputers come with two USB ports.
37
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
38/99
The Back of a Computer (Ports)
Port Icon Description
You plug your monitor into the video port.
Plug in your speakers or headphone into the
Line Out jack.
The Line In jack allows you to listen to yourcomputer using a stereo system.
You plug a microphone into this jack torecord sounds on your computer.
38
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
39/99
The Back of a Computer (Ports)
Port Icon DescriptionIf you have a joystick, musical (MIDIMusicalInstrument Digital Interface) keyboard, or othergaming device, this is where you plug it in.
The phone or modem jack is where you plug yourcomputer into a phone line.
You can connect your computer to a network byplugging in an Ethernet cable in this port.
An SCSI port is one of the fastest ways to connecta hard drive, CD-ROM drive, or other device to acomputer.
39
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
40/99
The Back of a Computer (Ports)
Firewire A FireWire (IEEE 1394 or i.LINK) port lets you connect such devices as hard disks anddigital camcorders to a computer. It can transfer information at a speed of up to 400 Mbps.
Port Icon Description
40
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
41/99
How a computer works
Input
You communicatewith the computer via
an input device suchas a mouse, akeyboard, or a
joystick.
Process/Storage
The computerprocesses data, makes
calculations, directs thework of the hardware,and stores your files.
Output
The computercommunicates itsresults to you via an
output device such asa monitor, a printer, orspeakers.
41
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
42/99
42
Computer System Components
1. Hardware
2. Software3. Peopleware
4. Data / information
5. Procedures
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
43/99
43
Hardware
Refers to the physical component of the computer system.
1. Input devices e.g. keyboard & mouse2. Output devices e.g. monitor & speaker3. Data storage and Media devices e.g. floppy disks & hard
disks4. Processing devices these are internal or electronic devices
which process the data and produce an output. (CPU)
It includes:
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
44/99
Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Digital cameraWebcam
44
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
45/99
The Keyboard
45
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
46/99
The Mouse
46
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
47/99
The Mouse
47
The optical mouse, operates by using an infrared sensor.You can identify an optical mouse by the telltale red glowemanating from its underside.
The wireless mouse (and keyboard). A wireless mouseand keyboard run on batteries and communicate with thecomputer the same way a remote control communicateswith a television.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
48/99
Digital camera and Webcam
48
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
49/99
Other Input Devices
49
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
50/99
50
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
51/99
Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speakers
51
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
52/99
Monitor
52
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
53/99
Printers
53
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
54/99
Types of Printers
54
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
55/99
Speakers
55
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
56/99
56
Storage Devices
Primary Storage DeviceThe computers main memory.
Secondary Storage DevicesThe physical devices (also called auxiliary devices) are physicallyseparated but connected directly to the CPU through acommunication line so that programs or data can be accessed withalmost no intervention from human operator
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
57/99
57
Two types of computer memory
inside the computer
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) a place where
the programs and software we load gets stored.2. ROM (Read Only Memory) it is where the CPU
fetches or reads instructions.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
58/99
58
Examples of Secondary
MemoryMagnetic Disk
Magnetic TapesFloppy Disk
Hard Disk
CD-ROM
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
59/99
Hard Disk
59
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
60/99
Floppy Disks
60
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
61/99
CD-ROM and DVD Drives
61
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
62/99
Types of CD
62
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
63/99
Types of DVD
63
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
64/99
Magnetic Tapes
64
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
65/99
Other Storage Devices
65
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
66/99
66
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
This is the brain of the computer.
All operations performed by the computersystem are controlled by this physical device.
This is sometimes referred to as the processor
or central processor. This is the most important element of a
computer system.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
67/99
The Central Processing Unit
67
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
68/99
68
Typical component of the CPU
1. Control unit it acts as a supervisor that controls andsupervises the operation in the CPU.
2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) it performs themathematical and logical operations of the computersystem.
3. Memory unit it is the storage device of the computer.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
69/99
69
Measurements used in
Computer
1. Bit (binary) either ON (1) or OFF (0)
2. Nibble group of 4 bits.
3. Byte group of 8 bits.
4. Kilobyte (KB) 1024 or 210bytes
5. Megabyte (MB) a million bytes or 1,048,576bytes
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
70/99
70
6. Gigabyte (GB) a billion bytes or1,073,744,824 bytes
7. Terabyte (TB)
a trillion bytes or1,009,511,627,776 bytes
easurements continued
BPS (bytes per second) is used to measuremodem speeds.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
71/99
71
Clock Speed it is how fast a computerprocesses
1. Hertz (Hz) a single clock cycle per second.
2. Kilohertz (kHz) 1000 cycles per second.
3. Megahertz (MHz) 1 million cycles persecond.
Software instructions that tell the computer what to
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
72/99
72
Softwareinstructions that tell the computer what todo.
Classification of Software:1. System softwareprograms which control and assist
in the computer operation. (e.g. operating system,compilers, utility programs, etc.)
2. Application softwareprograms which provide asolution to a specific operation or application. (e.g.business software, desktop publishing, Officeproductivity, etc.)
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
73/99
Peopleware
Represent thepersonnel involve insystem analysis,programming,computer operation,system maintenance,the end user, and thelike.
73
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
74/99
74
Users of IT
Librarians
catalog the processed disks and tapes and keepthem secure.
Computer programmers
design, write, test and implement the programsthat process data on the computer system; theyalso maintain and update programs.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
75/99
75
Users of IT
Systems analysts Knowledgeable in the programming area but have broader
responsibilities.
They plan and design not just individual programs but entirecomputer systems.
S.A. Maintain a working relationship with programmers and theusers of the organization.
The analysts work closely with the users to plan a new systems
that will the users needs.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
76/99
76
Users of IT
Network manager implements and maintains the organizations network.
Chief Information Officer (CIO) the department manager, must understand more than just
computer technology.
This person must understand the goals and operations of theentire organization and be able to make strategic decisions.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
77/99
77
Users of IT
End users The user of Information System.
Ordinary users
people who uses computer on day to day basis.
Note: There are some specific jobs and standard titles. There are manyothers, most specific to the organization.
D t
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
78/99
78
Data
Facts which are processed to produce information. Data areprocessed using these four processing functions: Input,
process, output, storage
Information
Data that have been processed and presented in a form suitablefor the user or human to interpret or understand.
Procedures
Step-by-step instructions to be followed by a computer toproduce an output. E.g. users manual, system documentation,
policies, disclaimer, etc.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
79/99
Computers and Society
Computers: Can we live without them?
Controversy: another word for computer
The Misuse of Personal Computer
sources of personal data
Violating the privacy of personal information
Securing the integrity of Personal information
How are computers affecting our lives?
79
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
80/99
Applications of Computers in Society
Health and medicine
Transportation
Law enforcement
Money and banking Industrial Factories
Communications
Agriculture Education
Home80
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
81/99
81
Applications of IT
Computers speed up the check out process atsupermarkets
enable 24 hour banking
provide up-to-the-minute weather information
entertain us with video games and films
application using elevators, automobiles and vendingmachines.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
82/99
82
Applications of IT
Retailers query to determine which products areselling and which are not.
The use of word processing system to create memos
and to check spelling, grammar and style Banker and geologist use computer for their
convenience.
C t C i C t i
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
83/99
Computer Crimes: Categories
1. Crimes that create havoc inside the computer
2. Crimes that involve the manipulation of computer systems and
their data
3. Crimes involve telecommunication
4. Crimes that involve the abuse of personal information
5. Crimes that involve negligence
6. Crimes that support criminal enterprises
7. Crimes that involve the theft of hardware or software
83
C t C i E l
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
84/99
Computer Crimes: Examples
Credit Card Fraud Data Communications Fraud
Unauthorized access to computer files
Unlawful copying of copyrighted software
Defrauding the System
Negligence and Incompetence
The Hacker Problem
84
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
85/99
85
Ethics. refers to the rules and standardsgoverning the conduct of an individual withothers.
Computer ethics.A code of ethics providesdirection for computer professionals andusers so that they act responsibly in their
application of information technology.
Code of Ethics
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
86/99
86
Code of Ethics
1. Maintain the highest standard of professional behavior.
2. Avoid situations that create a conflict of interest.
3. Do not violate the confidentiality of your employer or those you
service.4. Continue to learn so your knowledge keeps pace with the
technology.
5. Never misrepresent or withhold information that is germaneto a problem or situation of public concern.
Code of Ethics
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
87/99
87
6. Use information judiciously and maintain system integrity at alltimes.
7. Do not violate the rights or privacy of others.
8. Take appropriate action when exposed to unethical or illegalpractices.
9. Do not exploit the shortcomings of an employers computer
system for personal gain.
10. Accomplish each task to the best of your ability.
Code of Ethics
Ten Commandments of
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
88/99
88
Computer Ethics
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other peoples computer work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other peoples computer files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you
have not paid.
Ten Commandments of
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
89/99
89
Computer Ethics
7. Thou shalt not use other peoples computer resources withoutauthorization or proper compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other peoples intellectual output.9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the
program you are writing or the system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensureconsiderations and respect for your fellow humans
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
90/99
90
The Hacker Problem
Hack - To modify a program, often in an unauthorizedmanner, by changing the code itself.
Software Piracy
The unauthorized copying of software.
What is a hacker?
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
91/99
91
What is a hacker?
an enthusiastic, largely self-taught computer user
a person who gains access to computer systems illegally,usually from a personal computer.
Individuals who gain unauthorized access to computer systemsfor the purpose of stealing and corrupting data. (cracker)
A slang term for a computer enthusiast who enjoys learningprogramming languages and computer systems and can oftenbe considered an expert on the subject(s).
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
92/99
92
Intellectual Property
Encompasses creations of the human intellectand their protection, usually by copyright.
literary, artistic, and scientific works
performances of performing artists,phonograms, and broadcasts
inventions in all fields of human endeavorscientific discoveries.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
93/99
93
Intellectual Property
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Thisorganization was founded in 1967 as one of the specializedagencies of the United Nations organizations, and it has sinceremained responsible for the protection of intellectual property.
Copyright
A form of protection provided by laws to the authorsof original works, otherwise known as the owners ofintellectual property.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
94/99
94
Security
Hardware Approaches
Closedcircuit TV monitorsAlarm systemsComputer-controlled devices that check employee badges,fingerprints or voice prints before unlocking doors at access
points.Computer centers should be isolated from pedestrian traffic.Machine-room fires should be extinguished by a specialchemical that douses the fire but does not destroy the files orequipment.
Continuous source of power (UPS)
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
95/99
95
Viruses
[ Worm - a program that transfers itself from computer to
computer over a network and plants itself as a separate fileon the target computersdisks.
[ Virus - a set fo illicit instructions embedded in a file thatpasses itself onto other files with which it comes intocontact. This is the digita equivalent of vandalism.
[ Vaccine or antivirus- a computer program that stops thespread of a virus and often eradicates it.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
96/99
96
Y CodeRed - a worm that infects computers running icroSofts
IIS Server.
Y Nimda - a mass-mailing worm that utilizes mulitple methodsto spread itself.
Y SirCam - distributed as an e-mail attachment.
YForm - causes a clicking noise in the computerskeyboard on
the 18th day of the month.
Y Melissa - a macro virus distributed as an e-mail attachment thatwhen opened disables a number of safeguards in Word 97 or
Word 2000.
Viruses
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
97/99
97
Some ad Guy Tricks
Bomb - causes a program to trigger damage under certainconditions; it is usually set to go off at a later date.Data diddling- refers to changing data before or as it entersthe system.
Denial of service (DoS) attack - occurs when hackersbombard a site with more requests for service that it canpossibly handle, preventing legitimate users from accessing thesite.
Piggybacking - an illicit user rides into the
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
98/99
98
system on the back of another user.Salami technique - a technique that reflects the
small slices of money that may be squirreledaway undetected from a large financial system.Scavenging- a simple search to company trashcans and dumpsters for printouts containing no - for- distribution information.
8/12/2019 1 - Overview of Computers
99/99
Ripper - corrupts data written to a hard disk approximately one time
out of a thousand.
MDMA - affects MSWord files; it can also delete files.
Concept - transferred from MSWord file to another if both are in
memory at the same time.
One_half - encrypts the disk so that only the virus can read the data
there.
Michaelangelo - destroys all data on the hard disk on March 6
ichaelangelosbirthday.
Cascade - picks random text characters and drops them to the
bottom of the screen.
Jerusalem - deletes any program executed on Friday the 13th.
Viruses
Recommended