View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
1MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1
Hossein BIDGOLI
MIS
Cambios en este color por el prof. José Díaz Caballero
2MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
LO1 Discuss common applications of computers and information systems.
LO2 Explain the differences between computer literacy and information literacy.
LO3 Define transaction processing systems and management information systems.
LO4 Describe the four major components of an information system.
LO5 Discuss the differences between data and information.
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s
3MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
LO6 Explain the importance and applications of information systems in functional areas of a business.
LO7 Discuss how information technologies are used to gain a competitive advantage.
LO8 Explain the Five Forces Model and strategies for gaining a competitive advantage.
LO9 Summarize the future outlook of information systems.
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
4MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Management Information Systems
• Management information system (MIS)– Organized integration of hardware and
software technologies, data, processes, and human elements
– Designed to produce timely, integrated, relevant, accurate, and useful information • For decision-making purposes
• Include:– Hardware components– MIS software– Processes
5MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Management Information Systems (cont’d.)
• Designing an MIS– Define objectives– Collect and analyze data– Provide information in useful format
• Used in both the private and public sect• Many organizations use information
systems to gain a competitive advantage
6MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Major Components of an Information System
• Data• Database• Process• Information
7MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Data
• Data – Input to the system
• Sources of data– External– Internal
• Time orientation• Can be collected in different forms
– Aggregated – Disaggregated
8MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Database
• Database– Heart of an information system– Collection of all relevant data organized in a
series of integrated files• Essential for the success of any
information system• Managed with database management
system (DBMS): e.g., Oracle• Reduces personnel time needed to gather,
process, and interpret data manually
9MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Process
• Process – Generates the most useful type of information
for decision making• Generally includes transaction-processing
reports and models for decision analysis• Includes a wide range of models to
support all levels of decision making
10MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Information
• Information– Output of an information system– Facts that have been analyzed by the process
component• Quality of information
– Timeliness– Integration with other data and information– Consistency and accuracy– Relevance
11MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Information (cont’d.)
• User interface– Must be flexible and easy to use– Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
• Ultimate goal of an information system – Generate business intelligence (BI)
12MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Using Information Systems and Information Technologies• Information technologies
– Achieve goals of information systems• Examples
– Internet– Databases– POS Systems– RFID tags
13MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
The Importance of Information Systems
• Information – Second most important resource in any
organization• Four Ms of resources:
– Manpower– Machinery– Materials– Money
14MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
The Importance of Information Systems (cont’d.)
• Personnel information system (PIS) or human resource information system (HRIS) – Designed to provide information that helps
decision makers in personnel carry out their tasks more effectively
– Use Web technologies• Main difference between an intranet and
the Internet – Intranets are private and the Internet is public
15MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
The Importance of Information Systems (cont’d.)
• Logistics information system (LIS) – Designed to reduce the cost of transporting
materials – Maintains safe and reliable delivery
• Manufacturing information system (MFIS)– Manages manufacturing resources – Companies can reduce manufacturing costs,
increase product quality, and improve inventory decisions
16MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
The Importance of Information Systems (cont’d.)
• Financial information system (FIS)– Provides information to financial executives in
a timely manner• Marketing information system (MKIS)
– Improve marketing decisions– Provide timely, accurate, and integrated
information about the marketing mix
17MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage• Michael Porter
– Professor at Harvard Business School– Identified three strategies for competing in the
marketplace successfully• Overall cost leadership• Differentiation• Focus
18MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage (cont’d.)• Information systems
– Help organizations reduce the cost of products and services
– Assist with differentiation and focus strategies
– Can help bottom-line and top-line strategies• Enterprise systems
– Supply chain management (SCM)– Customer relationship management (CRM)– Enterprise resource planning (ERP)– Collaboration software
19MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage (cont'd.)• Differentiation strategies
– Make products and services different from competitors
– Examples: Apple, Amazon.com
20MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage (cont'd.)• Focus strategies
– Concentrate on a specific market segment – Attempt to achieve a cost or differentiation
advantage– Examples: Apple, Abercrombie & Fitch,
Nordstrom
21MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Porter’s Five Forces Model: Understanding the Business Environment• Five Forces Model
– Michael Porter– For analyzing an organization, its position in
the marketplace, and how information systems could be used to make it more competitive
– Buyer power– Supplier power– Threat of substitute products or services– Threat of new entrants– Rivalry among existing competitors
22MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Exhibit 1.4 The Five Forces Model
23MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Porter’s Five Forces Model: Understanding the Business Environment (cont'd.)1. Buyer power
– High when customers have many choices – Low when they have few choices– Limit buyers’ choices by offering services that
make it difficult for customers to switch
2. Supplier power– High when customers have fewer options – Low when customers have more options– Use information systems to make their
products and services cheaper
24MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Porter’s Five Forces Model: Understanding the Business Environment (cont'd.)
3. Threat of substitute products or services– High when many alternatives for an
organization’s products or services available– Add services to make organization more
distinct– Add fees to discourage customers from
switching
4. Threat of new entrants – Low when duplicating a company’s product or
service is difficult– Use focus strategies to ensure that this threat
remains low
25MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Porter’s Five Forces Model: Understanding the Business Environment (cont'd.)
5. Rivalry among existing competitors – High when many competitors occupy the same
marketplace position– Low when there are few competitors
26MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Future Outlooks
• Hardware and software costs continue to decline– Processing information less expensive in the
future• Artificial intelligence and related
technologies will continue to improve and expand
• Computer literacy will improve• Networking technology will improve• Personal computers will continue to
improve in power and quality
27MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Future Outlooks (cont'd.)
• Internet growth and acceptance will continue
• Computer criminals will become more sophisticated– Protecting personal identity information will
become more difficult
28MIS, Chapter 1
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Information Systems: An Overview
Summary
• Examples of uses for computers and information systems
• Difference between computer literacy and information literacy
• Management information system (MIS)– Data, database, process, and information
• Porter– Three competitive strategies – Five Forces Model
Recommended