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Making Sense of Campus Shootings:
Policies, Practices and PreventionJames Alan Fox
The Lipman Family Professor of Criminal Justice, and
Professor of Law, Policy and Society
June 25, 2008
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April 16, 2007
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The Death Toll Rises…
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“The Deadliest”
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An Undeserved Stage… and the contagion effect
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Identify with Victims or Perpetrator?
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76 campus homicides, 2000-2005
Sex of Victim Sex of OffenderMale 61.3% Male 90.8%Female 38.7% Female 9.2%
Victim Role Offender RoleStudent 57.3% Student 35.5%Faculty 9.3% Former student 5.3%Staff 9.3% Outsider 32.2%Child 5.3% Undetermined 27.0%Other 18.7%
Victim/Offender Relationship WeaponPartner 12.5% Gun 52.2%Friend 28.3% Knife 11.6%Acquantance 6.6% Personal 21.7%Stranger 27.6% Other 14.5%Undetermined 25.0%
Sources: FBI. DOE, Newspaper coverage
Some Facts from Fox…
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Far from the Greatest Peril
On average, 10 college students are murdered annually on campus
1,000 college students commit suicide annually
Thousands more deaths annually due to substance abuse
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Safety First?
“Is your campus safe?” Newsweek, August 20-27 2007
Parents ask about “lockdown”
A new college selection criterion
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“Campus Lockdown”: The latest catch-phrase
From correctional nomenclature
Very few episodes include multiple locations
Timeliness
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A New Instructional DVD for Students…
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Special Back to School Apparel
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Active Shooter & Lockdown DrillsECSU’s blunder in its
“active shooter” exercise
Training is fine, but do not involve the students
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Lesson from the Airlines
We can learn from airline passenger preparedness
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The “Few Bad Apples” Theory
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Profiling is Problematic
No clear-cut profile
Predicting rare events is virtually impossible
False positives
Only hindsight is 20/20
Cast a wide net
Many are obvious—and then may be too late
May intensify feelings of persecution
Problem may be structural or situational
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Mental Health Services
Increase in counseling staff and budgets over past year
Student-to-counselor ratio still falls short
Ratio of Campus Mental Heath
Counselors to FTE Students
2007 average
1969-to-1
Recommend level
1500-to-1
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Student Centeredness
Student centeredness is more than just words
The caring need not wait until a tragedy occurs
Training faculty and staff to handle difficult people and situations
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Date School Shooter, Age Role at SchoolNovember 1,
1991University of Iowa Gang Lu, 28 Graduate student
December 14, 1992
Simon’s Rock College Wayne Lo, 18Undergraduate
student
January 26, 1995University of North
CarolinaWendell Williamson,
26Former law student
August 15, 1996San Diego State
UniversityFrederick Davidson,
36Graduate student
June 28, 2000University of
WashingtonJan Chen, 42 Medical student
August 28, 2000 University of ArkansasJames Easton Kelly,
36Former graduate
student
May 17, 2001Pacific Lutheran
UniversityDonald Cowan, 55 None
January 16, 2002Appalachian School of
LawPeter Odighizuwa, 42 Former law student
October 28, 2002 University of Arizona Robert Flores, 40 Graduate student
September 2, 2006
Shepherd UniversityDouglas Pennington,
49Parent of students
April 16, 2007 Virginia Tech Seung-Hui Cho, 23Undergraduate
student
February 8, 2008 Louisiana Tech Latina Williams, 23Undergraduate
student
February 14, 2008
Northern Illinois University
Steven Kazmierczak, 27
Former graduate student
Who are the Rampage Shooters?
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The Broad View
• Increased emphasis on student centeredness and on upgrading counseling and support services may not eliminate the already low likelihood of a campus shooting. Regardless, it will go a long way to enhance the well-being of thousands of students.
• Many of these strategies are the right thing to do, even though sometime done for wrong reason.
• The only option for students seeking a 100% guarantee for eliminating any risk of being victimized by a campus shooting….
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A Risk-Free Education
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Thank You!
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