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•1
Fire Safety
•2
Fire
� Heat?
� Light?
� Burning?
� Carbon Monoxide
� Toxic Smoke
� Dark Smoke
•3
Fire tetrahedron
� Oxygen
� Fuel
� Heat
� Chain reaction
•4
Fire triangle
� Oxygen
� Fuel
� Heat
•5
Oxygen
� Surrounding air
� Oxygen tanks/Piped oxygen lines
� Oxidizing agents (self-producing)
•6
Oxygen
O2O2
COMPRESSEDGASSES
AIR OXIDIZING AGENTS(SELF-PRODUCING)
•7
Fuels
� Gases
� Liquids
� Solids
What really burns?
•8
VaporsVapors
•9
Fuels
•10
Flammable & Combustible liquids
� Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100oF
� Combustible liquids have a flash point above 100oF
Note: General Industrial Standard
•11
Heat sources� Open flame� Hot surfaces� Sparks� Arcs (electrical
energy)
� Arcs (static electricity)
� Friction� Sun’s heat� Compressing gases
•12
Fire tetrahedron
� Fire Triangle plus a chain reaction
•13
Chain reaction
•14
Chain reaction
� All areas of the fire tetrahedron must be present for a fire to start.
� Some examples of no chain reaction:• A plug shorting out, producing a spark but
not a fire
• Using alcohol to cook with (in most cases).
• Dropping a cigarette on the counter top and picking it up.
•15
Spontaneous combustion
CAN DIAGRAM
•16
� Internal combustion arising with no external energy when all four parts of the tetrahedron are present.
� All four parts of the fire tetrahedron might not physically appear to be present.
� Heat is still being produced by a chemical reaction.
Spontaneous combustion
•17
FLAMMABLE RANGE
LFL
UFL
TOO LEAN
TOO RICH
0%
5%
15%
25%
NATURAL GAS
VA
PO
RFlammable limits
•18
Thermal transfer
� Exothermic reaction
� Conduction
� Radiant heat
� Direct
� Convection
•19
Heat transfer
Exothermicreaction
•20
Heat transfer
1st FIRE
2nd FIRE
Conduction
•21
Heat transfer
Radiant
•22
Heat transferEXIT
DIRECT
•23
Heat transfer
Convection
•24
LOW HEAT
MEDIUM HEAT
HIGH HEAT
Thermal layering
BreathingZone
1300 o F
600 o F
90 o FFloor
Ceiling
•25
Fire phases
� Incipient• The beginning phase of a fire.
• In this phase, there is no need for special clothing, breathing apparatus, or evasive action.
•26
Fire phases
� Steady state (free burning)• The phase of the fire in which both oxygen
and fuel are available and the fire is spreading.
• Hot gases and heated air are moving to the upper portions of the building, and the fire is approximately 1300oF.
•27
Fire phases
� Rollover• The process in which the super-heated
vapors and gases reach their ignition point and start burning.
•28
Fire phases
� Flashover• The phase of fire when everything in an
area or room has reached a temperature that gives off vapors.
• All these vapors ignite at once.
•29
Fire phases
� Backdraft• When oxygen is reintroduced (either
naturally or through improper ventilation) to the hot smoldering phase, all items ignite at once, causing an explosion.
•30
Fire phases
� Hot smoldering• In this phase, the oxygen level has fallen
to about 15%.
• This causes the visible flames to go out and the materials to smolder.
• This is usually a precondition to backdraft.
•31
Extinguishing fires
� Removing fuel• Another method for extinguishing a fire is
to remove the source fuel.
•32
Extinguishing fires
� Cooling• Using water to absorb the heat of the
fire, bringing the fire below its ignition point.
•33
Extinguishing fires
� Removing oxygen• Can be accomplished through the use of
another gas, such as CO2.
•34
Sprinkler heads
•35
A SINGLE SPRINKLERHEAD BEING ACTIVATEDFOR A SMALL FIRE
•36
MORE THAN ONE SPRINKLER HEAD BEING ACTIVATEDFOR A LARGE FIRE
•37
Fire classes
CLASS A FIRE
CombustibleMaterial
•38
Fire classes
CLASS B FIRE
Liquids
•39
CLASS C FIRE
Fire classes
NOTE: After the electricity is disconnected, the class changes to Class A.
Live Electrical Circuits
•40
Fire classes
CLASS D FIRE
Metals
•41
Fire extinguisher ratings� Class A
Combustibles� Class B
Liquids� Class C Live
Electrical circuits
� Class D Metal
LABEL FORCLASS USE
•42
Fire fighting
� Should I do this or even try?
????
•43
How to put a fire outP Pull the safety pin.
A Aim the hose or horn at the baseof the fire.
S Squeeze the carrying handle andthe discharge handle together.
S Sweep the nozzle from side to side.
•44
PULL AIM
SQUEEZE SWEEP
PASS
•45
Priorities in emergency response
� Self-protection
� Coworker health and safety
� Aiding injured coworkers/protecting patients
� Prevention of property damage
•46
When a fire happens
� Alarm• Pull Station
• Code “Red” Room ###”
� Help patients in immediate danger.
� Contain as much as possible.
� Evacuate if necessary.
•47
Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38
� Means of egress• Emergency escape procedures and
emergency escape route assignments
• Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate
•48
Pre-planning for emergencies
•49
Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38
• The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies
• Names or regular job titles of persons or departments who can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan
•50
•51
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