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1
Famous Psychology Experiments
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Ivan Pavlov
• Classical Conditioning
• Experiments on dogs
• Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize - 1904 Dog
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Classical Conditioning and Pavlov’s Dogs: Hypothesis
• Observations: Dogs salivate when food is placed in their mouths
• Dogs salivate at mere sight of food
• Hypothesis: Dogs can be trained, or conditioned, to salivate when exposed to an external (neutral) stimulus
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Pavlov’s Methodology and Results
• Present external (neutral) stimulus (bell) immediately before giving food. Order is important
• Results: After a few trials, the dog salivates upon hearing the bell
• Works with other stimuli as well
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Classical Conditioning Components
• CS-Conditioned Stimulus– Learned trigger (initially
neutral)
• UCS- Unconditioned Stimulus– Automatically triggers a
response
• UCR- Unconditioned Response– Naturally occurring response
• CR- Conditioned Response– Learned response
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Altoid Theory – The Office
• After viewing the clip be able to identify the components of classical conditioning.
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Pavlov’s Conclusions
Unconditioned Response
(UCR)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Response
(CR)
Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)
because of because of
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Continuing Pavlov’s Experiment
• Acquisition– Learning the pairing CS+ UCS– Making the association
• Extinction– Represses CR (not eliminated)
• Spontaneous Recovery– After extinction, time passes,
recurring of the CR w/o UCS• Generalization
– CR to stimuli that are similar• Discrimination
– CR to a particular stimulus only
Other Aspects of Classical Conditioning
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John Watson and Rosalie Rayner: Hypothesis, Methodology, Results
• After a few tries, Albert was afraid of the rat
+ =
• Conditioned fear into an infant
• Presented a rat immediately followed by a loud noise, startling the baby
• Albert generalized his fears to other furry objects
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Mary Cover Jones• Colleague of Watson
• Deconditioned 3-year-old Peter from his fears by gradually moving a rabbit (and other things) closer to him while he was eating
DAY 1 DAY 3DAY 2
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B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
• Classical conditioning involves an automatic response to a stimulus
• Operant conditioning involves learning how to control one’s response to elicit a reward or avoid a punishment
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The “Skinner Box”: Skinner’s Hypothesis, Methodology, and
Results• Rats placed in
“Skinner boxes” • Shaped to get closer
and closer to the bar in order to receive food
• Eventually required to press the bar to receive food
• Food is a reinforcer
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