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1
EMERGENCY FOOD
SECURITY & NUTRITION PROBLEMS
2.3
Weighing a child using the Salter scale
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Problem 1: Undernutrition can become epidemic in displaced populations, when normal access to food is cut off and rates of infectious disease rapidly increase.
UNHCR photo, L. Taylor, Upper Lofa Country Liberia, 1993
First, let’s look at the nutrition problems…
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•
•
A vicious cycle
• Measles• Diarrhea• Pneumonia• Malaria
LoweredResistancePoor Appetite
Infection
High energyUtilization
MalnutritionMalnutrition
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Problem 2: The underlying causes of malnutrition in the affected population are not understood or addressed.
UN photograph, Operation Lifeline Sudan, August 1998
Conceptual framework of the causes of undernutrition S
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BASIC CAUSES
UNDERLYING CAUSES
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
Insufficient livelihood
assets
Poor livelihood,
Poverty
Household food
insecurity
Inadequate maternal
intake, poor feeding
practices
Unhealthy household, poor health
services
Short term consequences
Long term consequences: abilities, size,
disease
Maternal & child
undernutrition
Inadequate dietary intake
Disease
See page 146
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Problem 3: Standardized food baskets are not nutritionally adequate for everyone
UN photo, Roghani Refugee Camp, Afghan/Pakistan border, December - 2001
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Daily Energy Requirements
Agegroup
Males(kcal/day)
Females(kcal/day)
Average(kcal/day) % of pop.
0-4 yr 1320 1250 1290 12.37%
5-9 yrs. 1980 1730 1860 11.69%
10-14 yrs. 2370 2040 2210 10.53%
15-19 yrs. 2700 2120 2420 9.54%
20-59 yrs. 2460 1990 2230 48.63
60+ yrs. 2010 1780 1890 7.24
Pregnant 285(extra) 2.4%
Lactating 500(extra) 2.6%
AVERAGE DAILY REQUIREMENT: 2100 Kcal/person/day
Based on WHO technical Report No. 724 and UN Pop. Data, mid 1995
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Problem 4: It is difficult to determine and administer the starting and stopping of selective feeding programs for the severely malnourished
WFP photo /Ramin Rafirasme - Sierra Leone - Makeni nutritional/ therapeutic centre.
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Problem 5: Normally diverse food sources are replaced by standard rations resulting in severe micronutrient deficiencies, even when overall calorie requirements are met.
signs of SCURVY
www.echt.chm.msu.edu www.healthcentral.com
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Photo: P. Delchevaleriehttp://www.ennonline.net/fex/10/fa12.html
Signs of pellagra… Cassal's necklace
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Problem 6: Food types provided through international mechanisms often do not match customary foods, and so may be traded at a loss, or wasted.
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Problem 7: It is often difficult to conduct a credible nutrition survey upon which to design suplementary feeding programmes.
UNHCR photo
(more) problems in food security and food transfer programs
Guardian photo
Problem 8 Poor accountability and control Problem 8 Poor accountability and control
Ethnic Albanian refugees reach for a loaf of bread being distributed in the center of Kukes, Albania. - Washington Post photo
Problem 9 Families cannot attain self-sufficiencyProblem 9 Families cannot attain self-sufficiency
A Food Aid Problem20,000 people have collected in a drought-induced IDP camp in Domistan. Most of these are small rural farmers who have migrated to the outskirts of this large city seeking work and food. Several NGOs have been providing food and shelter here for the last two years. The drought is in its third year, but there are heavy snows now and the new crop in the Spring may be quite good, if people can plant wheat.
• These people have no other access to food for the next 5 months
• Local market prices for wheat are low, and the markets are full of internationally donated wheat.
• The IDPs have consumed all of their livestock and funds. Many are deeply in debt to family members.
• Outline a basic Food Aid program for this group for one year. Donors have decided to jointly fund only one consolidated program for the next year.
Your flip chart should look something like this…...
Food Aid Proposal by Us
1. Goal: Blah blah blah2. Assumptions: Yadda, yadda, yadda, etc. 3. Activities
3.1…………...3.2…………...3.3…………….3.4……………...
4: Inputs4.1…………….4.2…………...4.3………………..
Problem 10 Loss, waste, and spoilage Problem 10 Loss, waste, and spoilage
FAO photo
Problem 11 Poor (or no) targeting to specific needProblem 11 Poor (or no) targeting to specific need
www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/images/187724.jpg
For the 20,000 famine- affected IDPs from the last problem…
What specific targeting within this community might be required?
How would you determine this?
Problem 12 Difficult logistics for deliveryProblem 12 Difficult logistics for delivery
Problem 13 Food distribution can destabilize Problem 13 Food distribution can destabilize local farmers, markets, and relationships - local farmers, markets, and relationships - reducing longer-term food security reducing longer-term food security
FAO photo
Problem 14 No “control” over distributed itemsProblem 14 No “control” over distributed items
IRC photo, Jalazai Refugee Camp, 2001
Distribution Pros and Cons - Fill in the Chart…..
Distribute Food to:
Heads of families
Group or social leaders
Individuals
Primary School students
Workers
PROS CONS
Problem 15 Problem 15 The most at risk do not The most at risk do not receive distributed foodreceive distributed food
FAO photo
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CONCLUSIONS ON NUTRITION
•Nutrition and malnutrition are fields based on, and requiring, trained professional nutritionists
•Even so, avoiding serious malnutrition,is based on and requires meeting basic standards of service in many other sectors, such as water, sanitation, health, and shelter.
•While this information does not make you professional nutritionists, it does raise your ability to better understand the inter-related nature of nutrition/malnutrition and the other service support sectors
CONCLUSIONS ON FOOD TRANSFER PROBLEMS
•Logistics form a primary part of food aid programs, but even good logistics cannot overcome poor targeting and distribution, which may be even more difficult to solve
•Distribution systems must be seen to be equitable, and still be prioritized to those most in need
•Food transfer should be done in ways that harm local capacities and economic structures the least.
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