1 Deponent Verbs: Overview Latin, like English, has two verbal voices: Active and Passive. We have...

Deponent Verbs:Overview

Latin, like English, has two verbal voices: Active and Passive.

We have learned that Latin uses two patterns for the formation of Passive Voice verbs, one for the Present System and one for the Perfect System.

Deponent Verbs:OverviewPresent System:

Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal Endings

- r - mur- ris - mini- tur - ntur

Perfect System:Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4th P.P.) + Present of

sum, essePluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4th P.P.) +

Imperfect of sum, esseFuture Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4th P.P.) +

Future of sum, esse

3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

Deponent Verbs:OverviewSome verbs in Latin are classified as

Deponent Verbs (from deponere, to put aside).

These are verbs which DO NOT have active forms, but must be translated as active voice.

A Deponent Verb, then, is defined as a verb that is Passive in Form but Active in Meaning.

The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs follows the exact same rules and patterns as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice.

Deponent Verbs:Overview

NB: Even though a deponent verb looks passive, its subject is the doer of the verbal action. This means that Deponent Verbs can therefore never be put into the passive voice or have a passive meaning.

Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsSince Deponent Verbs have only Passive

Forms, they necessarily have only three Principle Parts (because the 3rd Principle Part of a regular verb is the Perfect Active Stem), and the Principle Parts will all be in Passive Voice form.

Exempla:Sequor, Sequi, Secutus Sum1st Person Singular, Present Passive Perfect

Passive (Deponent)Present Infinitive, Participle + sum“I follow” “To follow” = 1st Person

Singular, Perfect

Miror, Mirari Miratus Sum

Deponent Verbs:The Principle Parts

Conjugation 1st P.P. 2nd P.P. T.V.

1st - or - āri ā

2nd - eor - ēri ē

3rd - or - ī e

3rd –io - ior - ī e

4th - ior - īri ī

Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsRecognizing the Conjugation from the Principle

Parts: ExemplaWhat is the conjugation of the following verbs?

1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum =

2. moror, morārī, morātus sum =

3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum =

4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum =

5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum =

6. morior, morī, mortuus sum =

7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum =

8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum =

9. patior, patī, passus sum =

10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum =

Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsRecognizing the Conjugation from the Principle

Parts: ExemplaWhat is the conjugation of the following verbs?

1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum = 1st

2. moror, morārī, morātus sum = 1st

3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum = 3rd

4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum = 2nd

5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum = 3rd

6. morior, morī, mortuus sum = 3rd –io

7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum = 3rd –io

8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum = 4th

9. patior, patī, passus sum = 3rd –io

10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum = 3rd

Deponent Verbs:The Present SystemThe Conjugation of Deponent Verbs

in the Present System follows the exact same rules and patterns as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal Endings

- r - mur- ris - mini- tur - ntur

As with Regular Verbs, we must always remember to use the appropriate Tense Markers and Stem Vowels.

The Present System:Review – Stem Vowels and TenseTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i

Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie

Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

The Present System:Review – Tense MarkersTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present [ None ]

Imperfect -ba -ba -ba -ba -ba

Future -bi -bi -e -ie -ie

I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Tense

The Present Tense is formed by adding the Personal Endings directly onto the Present Stem.

Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -iNB: – 1st singular ends in –or

1st Conjugation – –a drops out before –o of 1st Sing.

3rd Conjugation – T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing.

– T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing.– T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl.

3rd –io – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1st Sing.

– T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing.– T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl.

4th Conjugation – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl.

Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i

NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or–a drops out before –or of 1st Sing.Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

Stem = mirā(–Ends in T.V.)Mir(a)+or= Miror Mira+mur = MiramurMira+ris = Miraris Mira+mini = MiraminiMira+tur = Miratur Mira+ntur = Mirantur

NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –orExemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum

Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.)

Vere+or = Vereor Vere+mur = Veremur

Vere+ris = Vereris Vere+mini = Veremini

Vere+tur = Veretur Vere+ntur = Verentur

NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or – T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing.

– T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing.– T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl.

Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sumStem = sequi(–T.V. Changes to –i)

Sequ(i)+or= Sequor Sequi+mur = SequimurSeque+ris = Sequeris Sequi+mini = SequiminiSequi+tur = Sequitur Sequ(i)+ntur= Sequuntur

NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or – T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing.

– T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing.– T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl.

Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sumStem = pati(–T.V. changes to –i)

Pati+or = Patior Pati+mur = PatimurPate+ris = Pateris Pati+mini = PatiminiPati+tur = Patitur Patiu+ntur = Patiuntur

NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or– T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl.

Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumStem = ori(–Ends in T.V.)

Ori+or = Orior Ori+mur = OrimurOri+ris = Oriris Ori+mini = OriminiOri+tur = Oritur Oriu+ntur = Oriuntur

I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active ParticipleIn Latin, there is no Present Passive

Participle; the only Present Participle that exists is the Present Active Participle.

For this reason, Deponent Verbs form the Present Participle according to the normal pattern for the Present Active Participle of regular verbs.

The Present Active Participle is the only form of a Deponent Verb which will be active in form as well as meaning.

I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active ParticiplePres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis

T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie

1st Conjugation:Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

Stem = mirā + ns, ntis – wonderingM/F N M/F NMirans Mirans Mirantes Mirantia

Mirantis MirantiumMiranti MirantibusMirantem Mirans Mirantes MirantiaMiranti Mirantibus

2nd Conjugation:Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum

Stem = verē + ns, ntis – fearingM/F N M/F NVerens Verens Verentes Verentia

Verentis VerentiumVerenti VerentibusVerentem Verens Verentes VerentiaVerenti Verentibus

3rd Conjugation:Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum

Stem = seque + ns, ntis – followingM/F N M/F NSequens Sequens Sequentes Sequentia

Sequentis SequentiumSequenti SequentibusSequentem Sequens Sequentes SequentiaSequenti Sequentibus

3rd –io Conjugation:Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sum

Stem = patie + ns, ntis – sufferingM/F N M/F NPatiens Patiens Patientes Patientia

Patientis PatientiumPatienti PatientibusPatientem Patiens Patientes PatientiaPatienti Patientibus

4th Conjugation:Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sum

Stem = orie + ns, ntis – risingM/F N M/F NOriens Oriens Orientes Orientia

Orientis OrientiumOrienti OrientibusOrientem Oriens Orientes OrientiaOrienti Orientibus

II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect Tense

The Imperfect Tense is formed by adding the Tense Marker –ba– to the verb stem (after T.V) plus the Personal Endings.

Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings

(Tense Marker)Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie

Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal EndingsTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th

Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie

Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumStem = mirā (–Ends in T.V.)

Mira+ba+r = Mirabar Mira+ba+mur = MirabamurMira+ba+ris = Mirabaris Mira+ba+mini= MirabaminiMira+ba+tur = Mirbatur Mira+ba+ntur = Mirabantur

Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.)Vere+ba+r = Verebar Vere+ba+mur = VerebamurVere+ba+ris = Verebaris Vere+ba+mini= VerebaminiVere+ba+tur = Verebatur Vere+ba+ntur = Verebantur

Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum

Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e)Seque+ba+r = Sequebar Seque+ba+mur = Sequebamur

Seque+ba+ris = Sequebaris Seque+ba+mini= Sequebamini

Seque+ba+tur= Sequebatur Seque+ba+ntur = Sequebantur

Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sumStem = patie(–T.V. becomes –ie)

Patie+ba+r = Patiebar Patie+ba+mur = PatiebamurPatie+ba+ris = Patiebaris Patie+ba+mini = PatiebaminiPatie+ba+tur = Patiebatur Patie+ba+ntur = Patiebantur

Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumStem = orie(T.V. becomes –ie)

Orie+ba+r = Oriebar Orie+ba+mur = OriebamurOrie+ba+ris = Oriebaris Orie+ba+mini= OriebaminiOrie+ba+tur = Oriebatur Orie+ba+ntur = Oriebantur

III. Deponent Verbs:The Future TenseThe Future Tense is formed in two different ways, depending on the Conjugation of the verb. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd Conjugation follow one pattern or equation, while verbs of the 3rd and 4th Conjugation follow a second pattern or equation.

1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings

(Tense Marker)

3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings

(e/ie = Future Tense Marker)

III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense

1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal EndingsTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

NB: 1st Singular uses –or– -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1st Sing.

– -bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2nd Sing.

– -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

Stem = mirā(–Ends in T.V.)Mira+b(i)+or = Mirabor Mira+bi+mur = MirabimurMira+be+ris = Miraberis Mira+bi+mini = MirabiminiMira+bi+tur = Mirabitur Mira+bu+ntur = Mirabuntur

1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal EndingsTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

NB: 1st Singular uses –o– -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1st Sing.

– -bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2nd Sing.

– -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural

Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sumStem = verē(–Ends in T.V.)

Vere+b(i)+or = Verebor Vere+bi+mur = VerebimurVere+be+ris = VereberisVere+bi+mini = VerebiminiVere+bi+tur = Verebitur Vere+bu+ntur = Verebuntur

The 3rd and 4th Conjugations form the Future Tense by changing the vowels at the end of the verb stem.

These vowels themselves act as the Tense Marker that shows us the verb is in the Future. The Personal Endings are then added right onto the stem ending in the modified vowels.

Thankfully, the changes to the vowels at the end of the verb stem are very simple: The stem changes its Thematic Vowel in exactly the same way as the stem changes in the Imperfect Tense.

(e/ie = Future Tense Marker)

Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

NB: 1st Singular uses –ar; -e of stem drops before –ar

3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

NB: 1st Singular uses –ar

Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum

Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e)Sequ(e)+ar = Sequar Seque+mur = Sequemur

Seque+ris = Sequeris Seque+mini= Sequemini

Seque+tur = Sequetur Seque+ntur = Sequentur

3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsTense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sum

Stem = patie(–T.V. becomes –ie)Pati(e)+ar = Patiar Patie+mur = Patiemur

Patie+ris = Patieris Patie+mini = Patiemini

Patie+tur = Patietur Patie+ntur = Patientur

Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumStem = orie(T.V. becomes –ie)

Ori(e)+ar = Oriar Orie+mur = Oriemur

Orie+ris = Orieris Orie+mini = Oriemini

Orie+tur = Orietur Orie+ntur = Orientur

IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemAs in the Present System, the

conjugation of Deponent Verbs in the Prefect System follows the exact same rules and patterns as the conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:

Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rd P.P.) + Present of sum, esse

Pluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rd P.P.) + Imperfect of sum, esse

Future Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rd P.P.) + Future of sum, esse

3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemNB: (1) Since by their definition Deponent

Verbs are Passive in form but Active in meaning, they lack the usual 3rd Principle Part (the Perfect Active Stem).

Instead, the 3rd Principle Part is the Perfect Passive Participle (which gives the Perfect Passive Stem). Sometimes this is listed with “sum”.

Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemNB:(2) Because Deponent Verbs are

passive only in form but active in meaning, the Perfect Participle of Deponent Verbs (3rd P.P.) must always be translated in active voice.

Deponent Verbs are the ONLY verbs in Latin which have a Perfect ACTIVE Participle.

Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemThe Perfect Participle Deponent:Exempla:

mīrātus, a, um – “having wondered,” NOT having been wondered

veritus, a, um – “having feared,” NOT “having been feared”

secūtus, a, um – “having followed,” NOT “having been followed”

passus, a, um – “having suffered,” NOT “having been suffered

ortus, a, um – “having arisen,” NOT “having been made to rise”

IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect Tense

Perfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Present of sum, esse 3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

1st Conjugation: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumpuer miratus sum puella mirata sum

oppidum miratum summiratus es mirata es miratum

esmiratus est mirata est miratum

estpueri mirati sumus puellaemiratae sumus oppida

mirata sumusmirati estis miratae estis

mirata estismirati sunt miratae sunt

mirata sunt

2nd Conjugation: vereor, verērī, veritus sumpuer veritus sumpuella verita sum oppidum

veritum sumveritus es verita es veritum

esveritus est verita est veritum

estpueri veriti sumus puellae veritae sumus

oppida verita sumusveriti estis veritae estis

verita estisveriti sunt veritae sunt

verita sunt

3rd Conjugation: sequor, sequī, secūtus sumpuer secutus sum puella secuta sum

oppidum secutum sumsecutus es secuta es secutum

essecutus est secuta est secutum

estpueri secuti sumus puellae secutae sumus

oppida secuta sumussecuti estis secutae estis

secuta estissecuti sunt secutae sunt

secuta sunt

3rd –io Conjugation: patior, patī, passus sumpuer passus sumpuella passa sum oppidum

passum sumpassus es passa es passum

espassus est passa est passum

estpueri passi sumus puellae passae sumus

oppida passa sumuspassi estis passae estis

passa estispassi sunt passae sunt passa

4th Conjugation: orior, orīrī, ortus sumpuer ortus sum puella orta sum oppidum

ortum sumortus es orta es

ortum esortus est orta est

ortum estpueri orti sumus puellae ortae sumus

oppida orta sumusorti estis ortae estis orta estisorti sunt ortae sunt orta sunt

V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect Tense

Pluperfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse 3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

1st Conjugation: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

puer miratus eram puellamirata eram oppidum miratum eram

miratus eras mirata eras miratum eras

miratus erat mirata erat miratum erat

pueri mirati eramus puellae miratae eramus oppida mirata eramus

mirati eratis miratae eratis mirata eratismirati erant miratae erant mirata erant

Pluperfect Passive =3rd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse 3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

2nd Conjugation: vereor, verērī, veritus sum

puer veritus eram puella verita eram oppidum veritum eramveritus eras verita eras

veritum erasveritus erat verita erat veritum

eratpueri veriti eramus puellae veritae eramus

oppida verita eramusveriti eratis veritae eratis

verita eratisveriti erant veritae erant

verita erant

3rd Conjugation: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum

puer secutus eram puella secuta eramoppidum secutum eramsecutus eras secuta eras

secutum erassecutus erat secuta erat

secutum eratpueri secuti eramus puellae secutae eramus

oppida secuta eramussecuti eratis secutae eratis secuta eratissecuti erant secutae erant secuta erant

3rd –io Conjugation: patior, patī, passus sum

puer passus eram puella passa eramoppidum passum eram

passus eras passa eras passum eras

passus erat passa erat passum erat

pueri passi eramus puellae passae eramusoppida passa eramuspassi eratis passae eratis

passa eratispassi erant passae erant

passa erant

4th Conjugation: orior, orīrī, ortus sum

puer ortus eram puella orta eram oppidum ortum eram

ortus eras orta eras ortum eras

ortus erat orta erat ortum erat

pueri orti eramuspuellae ortae eramus oppida orta eramus

orti eratis ortae eratis orta eratis

orti erant ortae erant orta erant

VI. Deponent Verbs:The Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Future of sum, esse 3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

1st Conjugation: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

puer miratus ero puella mirata ero oppidum miratum ero

miratus eris mirata eris miratum eris

miratus erit mirata erit miratum erit

pueri mirati erimus puellae miratae erimus oppida mirata erimus

mirati eritis miratae eritis mirata eritismirati erunt miratae erunt mirata erunt

2nd Conjugation: vereor, verērī, veritus sum

puer veritus ero puella verita ero oppidum veritum ero

veritus eris verita eris veritum eris

veritus erit verita erit veritum erit

pueri veriti erimus puellae veritae erimusoppida verita erimusveriti eritis veritae eritis

verita eritisveriti erunt veritae erunt

verita erunt

3rd Conjugation: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum

puer secutus eropuella secuta ero oppidum secutum ero

secutus eris secuta eris secutum eris

secutus erit secuta erit secutum erit

pueri secuti erimus puellae secutae erimusoppida secuta erimussecuti eritis secutae eritis

secuta eritissecuti erunt secutae erunt secuta erunt

3rd –io Conjugation: patior, patī, passus sum

puer passus ero puella passa ero oppidum passum ero

passus eris passa eris passum eris

passus erit passa erit passum erit

pueri passi erimus puellae passae erimusoppida passa erimuspassi eritis passae eritis

passa eritispassi erunt passae erunt

passa erunt

4th Conjugation: orior, orīrī, ortus sum

puer ortus ero puella orta ero oppidum ortum ero

ortus eris orta eris ortum eris

ortus erit orta erit ortum erit

pueri orti erimus puellae ortae erimus oppida orta erimus

orti eritis ortae eritis orta eritis

orti erunt ortae erunt orta erunt

1 Deponent Verbs: Overview Latin, like English, has two verbal voices: Active and Passive. We have...

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