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COMPUTERHARDWARE
TECHNOLOGIES
© Abdou Illia, Spring 2007
(Week 2, Thursday 1/18/2007)
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LEARNING GOALS
Identify the major components of modern PCs Explain how the components of a computer work
together; Explain input devices and how they operate. Describe output devices and how they operate. Describe I/O (secondary storage) devices and how they
operate. Explain the role of the CPU and the RAM.
Describe various types of computers.
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The Core Computer Components Three subsystems in a computer system:
1. Input subsystem2. Processing subsystem3. Output subsystem
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Input subsystem Main functions:
Allowing the user to enter data Transmitting data to the Processing subsystem
Includes keyboard, mouse, and other input devices
Question: Name five other input devices ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
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Input Devices Human input devices
Allow a person to send data to the computer Examples: Keyboard, Mouse
Machine-readable input devices Send data directly to computer without human
involvement No human involvement means no human error Usually faster than human input Examples: Bar codes reader, Optical Characters
Recognition (OCR) system
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Machine-readable Input Devices
Bar code scanners Uses light to read series of coded stripes Universal Product Code (UPC) – Adams.com
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Includes OCR Software and scanner Translates scanned digital image to
character that user can recognize and manipulate
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Character recognition technology used by
banks to allow rapid routing of checks between banks
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Output subsystem Main function: Show processing results Includes monitor, printer, and other output devices Q: Name two other output devices
____________________________ ____________________________
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Output Devices Monitors
Cathode ray tube (CRTs) Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Quality of display
Resolution in pixels (e.g. 640 x 480) Dot pitch in millimeters (.26 to .28) Active-Matrix vs. Passive-Matrix display
Touch screens Input and output via display device
Monitor size Common resolution
15 inches 640 x 480
17 inches 800 x 600 or 1024 x 768
19 inches 1024 x 768 or 1280 x 1024
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Printers Speed and resolution
Pages per minute (PPM) Dots per inch (DPI)
Number of ink dots to fill a square inch Higher DPI = greater page clarity
Impact printers Create image by striking paper and ribbon Dot-matrix printers = most common impact printers
Non-impact printers Create image by spraying or rolling ink on the page
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Non-impact Printers Ink-jet technology printers
Spray ink on the paper Quiet Color is readily and cheaply available
Laser printers Laser heats drum which rolls ink (toner) on
paper Can be faster than ink-jet More expensive than ink-jet
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I/O devices or Secondary Storage Nonvolatile storage of digital data Magnetic or optical Magnetic storage (Floppy disk, Magnetic
tape, Zip disk, Hard disk) Sequential access (tape) or direct access (HDD) Hard disk drives
Two main standards: IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) aka ATA (AT Attachment) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
SCSI allows disk fault-tolerance through RAID – Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
Disk speed: Transfer rate in MBps (Megabytes per second) Average Read Time (in milliseconds or ms) Platter rotation speed in RPM (5400/7200/10,000/15,000)
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Optical Secondary Storage Compact disks (CDs)
600 MB capacity CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW
Digital versatile disks (DVDs) 2 – 17 GB capacity DVD DVD+/-R DVD+/-RW
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Processing subsystem Two major components
CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s) Primary Storage:
Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)
CPU
Primary Storage
Busses that transfer data
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Central Processing Unit
Clock: generate time that synchronize other components
ICU: Fetches instructions from RAM
ALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations)
Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate results
Processor
Clock
Instruction Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Registers
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CPU speed Speed measured in hertz
Hertz = # of instructions executed per second Megahertz = 1 million of instructions per second Gigahertz = 1 billion of instructions per second
Intel- Celeron
- Pentium 3, Pentium 4, Pentium 4 Xeon, Dual Core
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
- K6 series processors (which compete with Intel Pentium 3)
- Athlon series (which compete with Intel Pentium 4)
IBM
- PowerPC 740, 750, 750FX, 750GL, 750GX
Major Processor manufacturers
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Primary Storage
RAM holds running programs and the data they use
ROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computer
Primary Storage
RAM
ROM
Computer’s memory stored on semiconductor chips Two categories:
RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM
ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile
Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB)
Program Data
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Moore’s Law on Processor Speed
RAM capacity tends to double every 18-24 months Processor speed tends to double every 18-24 months
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Types of Computers
Supercomputers Mainframes Minicomputers Servers Workstations Desktop computers Notebook computers (laptops) Handheld computers (PDAs)
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Bead Bar : Exercise 2Visit Dell website at www.dell.com in order to choose a computer system for Bead Bar. You must select the components based on the assessment of needs prepared by Stan after interviewing the Bead Bar employees (See the Assignment section’s of the course website for a copy of Stan’s memo to you) . Your job consist in filling out the Computer Hardware specification form found in the Assignment section of the course website with the characteristics of the computer system you have selected. Your assignment must include the printout of the description of the computer system from Dell website.
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Summary QuestionsMalaga Notes
1) Name five (3) computer input devices
2) Name three (3) computer output devices
3) What computer devices can be used for both input and output?
4) What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Terabyte?
5) Name the two main types of monitors used in today’s computer systems.
6) (a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem. (b) What is the function of the ALU?
7) Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
8) Describe the various types of computers.
9) What is meant by Moore’s law?
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RAIDFile
RAID 0 Strips data across multiple disk No redundancy Advantage: Fast data access through multiple reads Disadvantage: Loosing one disk results in loosing data on all disks
RAID 1 Doesn’t strip data across many disk Mirrors data between two disks Data kept synchronized between two disks Advantage: Fault-tolerance, i.e. If one disk fails, the other continue working until failed disk can be replaced Disadvantage: Only half of available storage space is used.
File
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RAID
RAID 3 Spreads data across multiple disks and uses ECC bits for recovery purpose in case of problem ECC bits determined based on data stored on data disks If one data disk fails, disk controller automatically regenerates missing data
Data spread across these disks
Last disk contains ECC* data for
disks 1-4
* Error Checking and Correcting
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Dell XPS 700 Desktop computer
Intel D955XBKLKR motherboard Pentium® 4 Processor with Dual Core Technology (3.00GHz, 800FSB)Windows® XP Professional Edition with re-installation CD1GB Dual Channel SDRAM at 667MHz (2 DIMMs)250GB Serial ATA 3Gb/s Hard Drive (7200RPM and 10 ms ART) 3.5 in Floppy Drive 17 inch UltraSharp LCD Active Matrix screen, 1280x1024 Resolution, 0.26 dot pitch. 16x CD-ROM Drive 16x DVD+/-RW DrivenVidia GeForce 7900 GS Video cardSound Blaster® X-Fi™ XtremeMusic (D) Sound Card w/DolbyDell A525 30 Watt 2.1 Stereo Speakers with Subwoofer Dell USB Enhanced Multimedia Keyboard Logitec Optical USB Mouse 56K PCI Telephony Modem 10/100/1000 NIC PCIDell Inkjet Printer 924, Up to 17 PPM Black/White, 600 x 600 dpi 1Yr Ltd Warranty, 1Yr At-Home Service
$1,640.00
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PowerEdge SC1420 server computer
Intel D955XBKLKR motherboard Dual Pentium® Xeon Processor with Dual Core Technology (3.00GHz, 800FSB)Windows® XP Professional Edition with re-installation CD2.0GB DDR2 400MHz, 4X512MB SDRAMTwo 73 GB 10K RPM SCSI Hard Drives Ultra 320 PERC Ultra 320 2-Channel SCSI RAID Controller Card 3.5 in Floppy Drive 48X IDE Internal CD-RW/DVD ROM Drive nVidia GeForce 7900 GS Video card Sound Blaster® X-Fi™ XtremeMusic (D) Sound Card w/DolbyDell A525 30 Watt 2.1 Stereo Speakers with Subwoofer Dell USB Enhanced Multimedia Keyboard Logitec Optical USB Mouse 10/100/1000 NIC PCI Dell Inkjet Printer 924, Up to 17 PPM Black/White, 600 x 600 dpi 1Yr Ltd Warranty, 1Yr At-Home Service
$3,040.00
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