1. Batuan Dan Tektonik Lempeng

BATUAN BATUAN DANDAN

TEKTONIK LEMPENGTEKTONIK LEMPENG

ROCKS ROCKS (BATUAN)(BATUAN)

Rocks are aggregates of Rocks are aggregates of oneone or or moremore minerals minerals

Rocks are classified on the basis Rocks are classified on the basis of of how they formhow they form

3 major classes of rocks3 major classes of rocks

Igneous rocksIgneous rocks Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks

4

1_11

Melting

Heat andpressure(metamorphism)

Heat andpressure(metamorphism)

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

METAMORPHICROCK

IGNEOUSROCK

Cementation and compaction

Weathering, transport, and deposition

Sediment

Magma(molten rock)

Cooling andSolidification(crystallization)

Weathering,transport, anddeposition

Rock CycleEach type can be formed from any other

WHERE DO MAGMAS FORM?WHERE DO MAGMAS FORM?

Basaltic Magmas form Basaltic Magmas form

1.1. Where crustal plates are Where crustal plates are rifting rifting apartapart

2.2. Where Where oceanic crust is being oceanic crust is being subductedsubducted

3.3. Above mantle plume Above mantle plume hot spotshot spots

TOPOGRAFI BENUA DAN SAMODRA

AMERIKASELATAN

AFRIKA

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYCONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARYDIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

BUSUR KEPULAUANBUSUR KEPULAUAN

Convergent plate boundaries

TEPIAN BENUA AKTIFTEPIAN BENUA AKTIF

Convergent plate boundaries

Divergent plate boundaries

Mantle:Mantle:Peridotite (ultramafic)Peridotite (ultramafic)

UpperUpper to 410 km (olivine to 410 km (olivine spinel) spinel) Low Velocity Layer 60-220 kmLow Velocity Layer 60-220 km

Transition ZoneTransition Zone as velocity increases ~ rapidlyas velocity increases ~ rapidly 660 spinel 660 spinel perovskite-type perovskite-type

Lower MantleLower Mantle has more gradual has more gradual velocity increasevelocity increase

Core:Core: Fe-Ni metallic alloyFe-Ni metallic alloy

Outer Core is liquidOuter Core is liquid No S-wavesNo S-waves

Inner Core is solidInner Core is solid

PERGERAKAN LEMPENG

Where Magmas FormWhere Magmas Form

Riftings Subduction zones Hot spots

Animation of Tectonic Settings and Volcanic ActivityAnimation of Tectonic Settings and Volcanic Activity