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Outlines -Introduction
-Anatomy and physiology of: Cardiovascular system.
Respiratory system. The skeletal system. The nervous system.
FIRST AID: Is the immediate care or treatment that is given to an injured or ill
person before professional medical aid can be obtained.
Anatomy and physiology
Cardiovascular systemAnatomy: I - Heart:
-Fist sized organ situated in the center of the chest, between the sternum and the spine and above the diaphragm.
Surrounded by the lungs except in a small area in front .
(bare area )and the area against the spine.
-Has a hollow tough muscular wall surrounded by the pericardium.
-It is divided into right and left sides, each has an atrium & a ventricle.
II - Vascular systemArteries:
Thick walled, carrying blood from the heart under high pressure.Capillaries:Thin walled network of one cell layer.Veins:
Thin walled vessels carrying blood under low pressure back to the heart.
Two coronary arteries originate from the aorta encircling the heart to supply the myocardium .
Physiology of the heartRight ventricle Left ventricle
↓ ↓Pulmonary artery Aortic artery↓ ↓
Lungs all the body↓ ↓ Lt atrium Rt atrium
Functions of cardiovascular system 1 – purify the blood through the pulmonary capillary
system.
2 – provide oxygenated blood to all tissues through the systemic capillary system.
THE HEART beats 60-90 beats per minute during rest.
Respiratory system4 components:
1 – Airways:A) Upper airway: nose & mouth, pharynx, larynx.
B) Lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.
2 – Neuromuscular system:A) Respiratory center in the brain.
B) Nerves.
C) Muscles of respiration.( Diaphragm , intercostal muscles)D) Chest cage
Cont…3 – Alveoli:
Millions of minute air sacs made of very delicate thin membrane of one cell layer. Capillaries are on outer side (exchange of gases).
4 – Pulmonary vessels:Heart (Rt ventricle)→pulmonary arteries –dark blood→ fine capillary network – pick up O2 & expel CO2 in alveoli→
pulmonary veins → heart (Lt ventricle) .
Physiology of respiration -Inspiration is an active process.
-Expiration is a passive process.
-Function is to pick up oxygen and expel CO2.
Cont.
↑CO2 in arterial blood →Brain
→respiratory center→ signals
→respiratory nerves → respiratory
muscles → ↑respiratory rate and depth
till normal CO2 →normal respiration.
Skeletal systemMajor functions:
I – Support, body form.
II – Protection of vital organs .
III – Movement (muscles, bones, joints).
IV – Blood cell production in bone marrow.
V – Storage of essential minerals.
Major divisionsI – Axial skeleton:
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum.
II – Appendicular skeleton:
Upper extremities ,
lower extremities,
the shoulder girdle ,
pelvic girdle.
Classification of bonesI – Long bones:Arm: humerus, ulna, radius.Lower limb: femur, tibia, fibula.II – Short bones:Bones in the hands and feet.III – Flat bones:Sternum, shoulder blades, and ribs.IV – Irregular bones:
Vertebrae of spinal column
The nervous systemAnatomical division:I – Central nervous system:Includes brain and spinal cord.II – Peripheral nervous system:
Includes peripheral sensory nerves, peripheral motor nerves, combination of sensory motor nerves.
SpinalCord
Brain
Nerves
Brain 1 – Cerebral cortex
Consists of grey and white matter.
Controls higher functions: sensory reception, voluntary
motor activity, reasoning, emotions, memory.
2 – Cerebellum:Concerned with maintenance of posture and equilibrium as well as coordination of skilled
movements.
Cerebellum
3 – Brain stem:Subdivided to midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.
Contains important centers maintaining vital functions.
Functional divisions of nervous system
I – Autonomic nervous system (involuntary):A – Parasympathetic:
Causes dilatation of blood vessels, increases tone and contractility of smooth muscles, and induces secretions.
B – Sympathetic:Controls many automatic functions: constriction of blood vessels, and increases heart rate.
II – Voluntary:Under direct control of the brain.
Sympathetic
“Fight or flight” responseRelease adrenaline and noradrenalin
Increases heart rate and blood pressureIncreases blood flow to skeletal musclesInhibits digestive functions
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
Spinalcord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,no adrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculationin male
Sympatheticganglia
Salivaryglands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Pancreas Liver
Adrenalgland
Kidney
Parasympathetic
“Rest and digest ” systemCalms body to conserve and maintain energyLowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinalcord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erectionof sex organs
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
Cranial nervesI – Olfactory: smellII – Optic: visionIII – Oculomotor: eye lid, pupil, eyeball.
IV – Trochlear: turn the eye down and laterally.
V – Trigeminal: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular.
VI – Abducens: turns the eye laterally.
VII – Facial: muscles of expression.
VIII – Vestibulocochlear: hearing and equilibrium.
IX – Glosso-pharyngeal: tasteX – Vagus: parasympathetic for viscera.
XI – Spinal accessory: trapezious and sternomastoid muscles.
XII – Hypoglossal: motor fibers to the tongue.
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