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Alternative Energy SourcesAlternative Energy Sources
Delivered on to:
Bill PykeHilbre Consulting Limited
October 2012
Generating ‘Green’ Electricity
2
Global Perspective
Energy Sources for Power Generation
Global Perspective
Energy Sources for Power Generation
Coal39%
Oil7%
Gas21%
Nuclear17%
Hydro15%
other1%
Source: IEA
3
Options for Large Scale Power GenerationOptions for Large Scale Power Generation
Thermal
• Coal
• Oil
• Gas
• Nuclear
• Geothermal
Non-Thermal
• Wind
• Hydro
• Wave
• Tidal
Fossil Fuels
4
Options for Smaller Scale Power Generation-at
present
Options for Smaller Scale Power Generation-at
present
Thermal
• CHP
• Biomass
Non-Thermal
• Wind
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Carbon Neutral SourcesCarbon Neutral Sources
• Wind
• Wave
• Tidal
• Biomass
• Geothermal
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Comparative Life Cycle
Carbon Emissions
Comparative Life Cycle
Carbon Emissions
Source: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Lignite Coal Gas Biomass Wind Nuclear
Gm
sC
O2/k
Wh
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Power Generation Forecast
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Comparative Green Electricity Generating CostsComparative Green Electricity Generating Costs
Source: IEA
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Green Electrical Energy
Falling Generating Costs with Time
Green Electrical Energy
Falling Generating Costs with Time
Source: CPI
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October 2012
BIOMASS BIOMASS
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Fuels for
Transport
Electrical Power
CHP
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OutlineOutline
• Sources
• Availability
• Advantages/Disadvantages
• Challenges
• Cost Parameters
• Biomass to Power Growth Estimates
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Biomass SourcesBiomass Sources
• Forest products: salvageable dead wood, logging residues, and excess polewood
• Coppice Wood
• Urban wood waste and mill residues: mill residues, urban wood waste, and construction and demolition debris
• Agricultural residue: wheat straw and corn remnants
• Energy crops: switch grass, hybrid poplar and hybrid willow
• Biowaste, Landfill Sites
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AdvantagesAdvantages
• Cheap energy, especially if it derives from waste $2.00/mmbtu versus Natural gas at $6.00/mmbtu
• Feedstock is nearly everywhere available
• Bi-product: Biogas can solve the environmental
problems caused by organic waste
• Fertilizer as byproduct and financing source
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Biomass StatisticsBiomass Statistics• Global Biomass Resource: 1,250 bn. dry tonnes
• Annual Utilisation: 250 bn. Dry tonnes
• U.K 0.015 bn. Tonnes
• U.K. Cost of Biomass €4/GW
• Comparative Cost of Coal: €2/GW
• Coal CO2 emissions/tonne: €1/GW
• Biomass CO2 emissions/tonne Negligible
Source: Simpson-Holley & Evans, Energy World, June 2007
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Environmental AppealEnvironmental Appeal
• Utilises solar energy and converts some of it into biomass –a versatile fuel
• Removes some CO2 from the atmosphere in the process.
• Provides habitat for native species
• Multiple products when harvested
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
• Ensuring Continuous supply
• Carbon neutral ?? Transport costs
• Drying to specification is energy-intensive
Biomass moisture content often 40-60%, needs to be 10-15%
• Storage Issues
• Impurities and toxins
• Safety devices are necessary
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OptionsOptions
• Dedicated Biomass Gasification and co-combustion / direct combustion
• CHP Biomass Generate electricity and heat
• Co-fire biomass with coal in existing conventional power stations allows substitution of 10-15% of fossil fuels in U.K., Belgium, Netherlands and Poland
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October 2012
WIND POWERWIND POWER
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EU Member State Players
in Offshore Wind power ( Sources: IEA, 2009 & BWEA, 2011)
EU Member State Players
in Offshore Wind power ( Sources: IEA, 2009 & BWEA, 2011)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Insta
lled
Cap
acit
y M
W
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UK Offshore Wind farmsUK Offshore Wind farms
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Western Europe
Wind Intensity Map
Western Europe
Wind Intensity Map
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Wind CHPWind CHP
• Good in areas of wind speeds >10m/sec
• Performance band width from 4 to about 15m/sec wind speed,
• Nominally rated at 1kW at a given wind speed of 12 m/sec
• net effect is a potential saving of up to 30% overall against the UK average 'domestic' electricity bill e.g. 3,200 kWh per annum
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Domestic Wind MicrogenerationDomestic Wind Microgeneration
Source: www.windsave.com
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Wind Power
Advantages & Disadvantages
Wind Power
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
• Relatively low front-end( installation cost. British DIY retailer sell 1kW “Windsave” turbines from £1,500)
• Low running /maintenance costs.
• Can sell electricity to the Grid
• Disadvantages
• Visually unattractive
• Variable wind
• Often ineffective in built-up and suburban area
• Often need planning permission
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October 2012
HYDRO-ELECTRICITYHYDRO-ELECTRICITY
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OutlineOutline
•Facts
•Process
•Major Global Users
•Advantages/Disadvantages
•Pumped Storage and generation management
•World-Class major projects
•Three Gorges Project
•Small-Scale Hydro
•UK Context
•Trends
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Hydroelectric FactsHydroelectric Facts
• 16% of Global Electricity Generation
• Earliest example of renewable energy on a large-scale
• 120 years of experience
• >90% efficient energy transformation with minimal transfer losses
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Hydroelectric Areas for Development Hydroelectric Areas for Development
• Large Land Areas
• High Relief
• High Rainfall/Snowfall
• Ready local market for electricity consumption
Most of the largest land areas have been identified
Limited scope for more mega projects
However opportunity for numerous small-scale hydro
(SSH)
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Hydroelectric ProcessHydroelectric Process
Source: Environment Canada
31
Pumped StoragePumped Storage
• Hydro capacity is normally applied to peak-load demand
• Pumped Storage currently provide the most significant means of storage of energy on a scale useful for a utility, allowing low-value generation in off-peak times
• Operation of pumped-storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system-can be as low as 40% without pumped storage
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AdvantagesAdvantages
• Clean No sulphur, nitrous oxides or particulates. Low CO2 and methane.
• Renewable energy with security of (electrical) energy supply
• Low operating costs, low maintenance
• Large reservoirs can be used for other purposes; fish stocks etc
• Flood control
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
• High front-end capital costs deters many investors Long payback period
• Large projects have led to elimination of agricultural land-use with displacement of population and homes
• Submergence of arable land leads to methane and CO2 emissions
• Potential for dam bursts. Over 200 in 20th century
• Possible negative environmental impacts both upstream and downstream of plant. Silt build-up
• Barriers to fish migration
34
October 2012
TIDAL & WAVE POWERTIDAL & WAVE POWER
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Tidal PowerTidal Power
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Tidal BarragesTidal Barrages
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Bay of Fundy,
Annapolis Tidal Generating Station
Bay of Fundy,
Annapolis Tidal Generating Station
Installed Capacity 20MWTidal Range up to 17 metres
38
Wave PowerWave Power
Source: BBC
39
UK Comparative Generating Costs
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Coal FiredPF
Coal FiredCFB
Coal FiredIGCC
Gas OCGT Gas CCGT Nuclear Waste Wave OnshoreWindfarm
OffshoreWindfarm
Ge
ne
rati
ng
Co
st
p
en
ce
/kW
h
Source: Adapted from The Royal Academy of Engineering Report
40
Carbon Emission Costs for Generating Sources
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Carbon Emission Cost
Generating Costs
Source: Adapted from The Royal Academy of Engineering Report
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