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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
1-1
U N D E R S T A N D I N G P H Y S I C S
Recognise the
concepts ofphysics in
everyday objects
and natural
phenomena
1. Tick () the statements that are related to physics.
Blood circulation in our body is controlled by heart.
A large truck moves faster than a car because it has a more powerful engine.
We need water in our digestion system.
Orange juice is acidic because its taste is sour.
An object on a high building has a large potential energy.
When we heat water, its temperature increased.
We are sweating when our body metabolism is high.
Pure water has pH 7.
We cannot see object in dark
A ship is floating in water.
Human body coordination is controlled by hormone system.Oxidation will act faster in acidic medium.
UNDERSTANDING BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIES
Recognise
physical quantity
and unit
1. Identify Physical quantities, Magnitude, Unitsand Measuring instrumentfrom the
statements below. Write them into the table below (next page).
AIsmail weigh a wooden block that has mass of 500 gram using a lever beam balance.
B Ong Beng Hock measures the length of a building which is 100 meter long using ameasuring tape.
C Siew Mei measures her bodys temperature using a digital thermometer and obtains
38C.
D Bathumalai determines the volume of water using a measuring cylinder and obtains150 milliliter.
E Hanisah measures the diameter of a wire which is 1.26 millimeter using a
micrometer screw gauge.
F Vinisha takes the time of 20 oscillations of a pendulum using a stopwatch andobtains 24.6 seconds.
Statement Physical quantity Magnitude UnitMeasuring
instrument
A
B
C
D
E
F
1.1
1.2
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Define base
quantities and
derived quantities
are
2. Identify base quantities and derived quantity from the equation below.
(a) Volume = length x length x length
Base quantity = (i) _________________
Derived quantity = (i) _________________
(b) Area = length x length
Base quantity = (i) _________________
Derived quantity = (i) _________________
(c)
Base quantity = (i) _________________ (ii) ____________________
Derived quantity = (i) _________________
(i) Base quantity is physical quantity that __________ be derived from any quantities.
(ii)Derived quantity is physical quantity that ___________________ from the basequantities.
List base quantitiesand their S.I unit
3. Choose base quantities from the physical quantities given above and state their S.Iunits.
No. Base Quantity S.I Unit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
Pressure Time Current
Length Area Temperature
Weight Force Volume
Work Energy Power
Velocity Mass
S.I UNIT
Second Newton Ampere
Kelvin kilogram Pascal
Joule m2 Watt
m s-1
meter m3
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List some derived
quantities and their
S.I units
4. Write 5derived quantities from physical quantities given in the box above (previouspage) and state their S.I units.
No. Derived Quantity S.I Unit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Express quantities
using scientific
notation
5. Rewrite the values below in scientific notation (Standard notation)
No. Original value Scientific notation
1. 12 000 m
2. 3 000 000 000 s3. 0.000 000 000 56 N
4. 0.000 78 J
5. 0.0034 A
Express quantities
using prefixes
6. Arrange the prefixes given below in ascending order. Then, state their multiple / sub-multiple.
No. PrefixMultiple /
Sub-multipleNo. Prefix
Multiple /
Sub-multiple
1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.
Solving problem
involving
conversion of units
1. Rewrite the values below using the suitable prefix.
(i) 4.1 x 1012
m = __________ (vii) 3.8 x 102K = __________
(ii) 9.3 x 101s = __________ (viii) 1.7 x 10
9W = __________
(iii) 0.5 x 10-3
J = __________ (ix) 4.1 x 103C = __________
(iv) 11.2 x 10-2
N = __________ (x) 9.5 x 10-6
A = __________
(v) 5.9 x 106V = __________ (xi) 8.6 x 10-12m = __________
(vi) 6.6 x 10-9m = __________ (xii) 2.2 x 10-1s = __________
PREFIXES
Nano (n) kilo (k) pico (p)
mega (M) centi (c) giga (G)
deci (d) deca (da) tera (T)hector (h) micro () milli (m)
MULTIPLE / SUB-MULTIPLE
103
109 10
-2
101
10-12
106
10
-6
10
2
10
-1
10
-9 10
-3 10
12
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2. Replaced the prefix in the values below with the correct multiple or sub-multiple.
(i) 4.1Tm = __________ (vii) 3.8 daK = __________
(ii) 9.3 ms = __________ (viii) 1.7 GW = __________
(iii) 0.5 kJ = __________ (ix)4.1 hC
= __________
(iv) 11.2 cN = __________ (x) 9.5 A = __________
(v) 5.9 MV = __________ (xi) 8.6 pm = __________
(vi) 6.6 dm = __________ (xii) 2.2 ns = __________
Check Yourself 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Which physical quantity has the correct S.Iunit?
Physical quantity S.I unit
A Temperature CelciusB Time minuteC Mass NewtonD Length metre
Time, speed, density, and energy are ..............quantities.
A base C vectorB scalar D derived
Which of the following shows the correct
relationship between the base quantities fordensity?
A
B
C
D
Which of the following is nota base S.I unit?
A Gram C AmpereB Kelvin D Meter
Which of the following physical quantities isnota base quantity?
A Weight C TemperatureB Time D Electric current
A radio station airs its programmes bytransmitting waves at a frequency of
102.3 MHz. How much is this frequency, inHz?
A 1.023 x 102
B 1.023 x 10
5
C 1.023 x 106
D 1.023 x 108
Which of the following values is equal to 470pF?
A 4.7 x 10-10
FB 4.7 x 10
11F
C 4.7 x 10-7
FD 4.7 x 10
2F
Hamid cycles at a velocity of 3.1 km h-
.What is this velocity, in m s-1?
A 0.09 C 1.16B 0.86 D 11.61
Which measurement is the longest?
A 2.68 x 103m
B 2.68 x 10-1
mmC 2.68 x 103cmD 2.68 x 10
-4m
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1.
10. 11.
UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
Define scalar and
vector quantities.1. Read the statements below to make a generalisation on scalar quantity and vector
quantity. Then classify the physical quantities into scalar quantity and vector quantity
in the table below.
AHasan walks with a velocity of 2 m s-1due West.
B Husna runs with a speed of 5 m s-1
.
C Sangeetha walks along a displacement of 40 m dueNorth.
D Jason runs along a distance of 30 m.
E Chin Wen push the table downwardswith a force of 30 N.
F Wen Dee has a mass of 40 kg.
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity
(i) Scalar quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________.
(ii) Vector quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________ and
________________________.
Differentiate
between distance
and displacement.
2. Underlinethe correct physical quantity.
(i) (Distance / Displacement) is the total lengthtravelled by an object.
(ii) (Distance / Displacement) is the shortest length measured between the initial
point and the final point.
Which of the following conversion of unit iscorrect?
A 24 mm3 = 2.4 x 10
-6m
3
B 300 mm3 = 3.0 x 10
-7m
3
C 800 mm3 = 8.0 x 10-2m3
D 1 000 mm3 = 1.0 x 10-4m3
Which of the following frequencies is thesame as 106.8 MHz?
A 1.068 x 10-4HzB 1.068 x 10
-1Hz
C 1.068 x 102HzD 1.068 x 106HzE 1.068 x 10
8Hz
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EXAMPLE:
Check Yourself 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
A B
C
4 m
3 m
A boy walks from A to C through B.
(i) Distance of the boy = 4 m + 3 m = 7 m
(ii) Displacement of the boy = = 5 m
Diagram below shows the path travelled by a
car from P to S.
What is the displacement of the car?
A 5.0 km C 8.2 km
B 6.8 km D 9.0 km
Which quantity is a vector quantity?
A Area C DistanceB Length D Displacement
Which of the following is group of vectorquantities?
A Velocity, mass, displacement
B Speed, time, accelerationC Force, velocity, displacementD Area, temperature, momentum
Which of the following quantities is a vectorquantity?
A Energy C ForceB Power D Pressure
5 km
3 km
1 km
P Q
S R
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U N D E R S T A N D I N G M E A S U R E M E N T S
Recognise
appropriate
instrument for
physical quantities
1. State the suitable measuring instrument for the physical quantities in the table below.
No. Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument
1. Temperature
2. Length
3. Time
4. Mass
5. Electric current
6. Voltage
7. Density
8. Atmospheric pressure
9. Pressure
10. Force
11. Volume
12. Diameter of tube
13. Diameter of wire
Measure physical
quantity using
vernier calliper.
2. Label the part of vernier calliperbelow.
MEASURING INSTRUMENT
Metre rule Barometer Thermometer Lever balance
Spring balance Hydrometer Measuring cylinder Bourdon gauge
Ammeter Voltmeter Stopwatch Vernier calliper
Micrometer screw gauge
PART OF VERNIER CALLIPER
Inner jaws Outer jaws Main scale Vernier scale
1.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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3. Take the reading from a vernier calliper:
EXAMPLE:
4. Read the vernier calliper below.
(i) (ii)
(ii) (iv)
Measure physical
quantity using
micrometer screwgauge.
5. Label the part of micrometer screw gaugebelow.
(i)
Read the main scale.
Main scale reading = 0.70 cm
(ii)Read the vernier scale.
Vernier scale reading = 0.02 cm
(iii)Total up the readings.
Actual reading = 0.72 cm
3 4
0
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
2 3
0
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
8 9
0
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
0 1
Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
PART OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
Anvil Spindle Sleeve Thimble Ratchet
0 1 2
0
(i)
0.70
(ii)0.02
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6. Take the reading from a micrometer screw gauge.
EXAMPLE:
7. Read the micrometer screw gauge below:
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
(i) Read the sleeve scale (main scale).
Sleeve scale reading = 3.00 mm
(ii) Read the thimble scale.
Thimble scale reading = 0.44 mm
(iii)Total up the readings.
Actual reading = 3.44 mm
0 50
40
(i)
3.00 mm
(ii)0.44 mm
0 30
20
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
020
10
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
0
20
10
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
060
50
Sleeve scale = ....................
Thimble scale = ....................
Actual reading = ....................
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Explain sensitivity. 8. Table below shows readings from three instruments J, K, and L that are used inmeasuring the mass of a Petri dish.
Instrument J Instrument K Instrument L
20 g 19.4 g 19.42 g
A piece of dried leaf of mass 0.05 g is then put in the Petri dish.
(i) Which instrument is able to detect the small change of the mass? [...............]
(ii) Which instrument is the most sensitive? [................]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest sensitivity? [................]
(iv) Sensitivity of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ...............................
..................................................................................................................................
(v)
Which instrument gives reading in the most decimal place? [.................](vi) The ...................... the decimal place, the ........................... sensitivity of the
instrument.
Explain accuracy. 9. Table below shows readings from three instruments P, Q, and R that are used in
measuring the length of a wire. The actual length of the wire is 10.0 cm.
Instrument P Instrument Q Instrument R
10.1 cm 10.4 cm 9.6 cm
(i) Which instrument gives the closest reading to the actual length of the wire?
[...............]
(ii) Which instrument gives the most accurate reading? [...............]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest accuracy? [...............]
(iv) Accuracy of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ..................................
...................................................................................................................................
Explain
consistency
(Precision)
10.Table below shows four readings from three instruments X, Y, and Z that are used inmeasuring the length of a wire. Each instrument repeats the measurement for fourtimes.
Instrument X 10.0 cm 10.1 cm 10.1 cm 10.0 cm
Instrument Y 10.1 cm 10.4 cm 10.2 cm 9.8 cm
Instrument Z 9.8 cm 9.6 cm 9.9 cm 9.5cm
(i) Which instrument gives readings with the smallest deviation (difference)?
[...............]
(ii) Which instrument gives the most consistence readings? [...............]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest consistency? [...............]
(iv)
Consistency of instrument is the capability of the instrument to .............................
...................................................................................................................................
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Explain type of
experimental error.
11.In an experiment, the readings of measurement taken may have slightly difference due
to some mistakes. The difference in the readings is called as .........................................
12.These errors can be caused by the change of environment, human factors or the
deficiency of measuring instrument.
13.Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable)*.
14.Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable)*.
15.Type of Error:
Random Error Difference Systematic Error
Cause
Magnitude /
value
Example
Method toreduce the
error
Check Yourself 3
1. 2..
A, B, C, and D shows the shooting marks on atarget. Which marks can explain the conceptof precision of a measurement?
A C
B D
A, B, C, and D show parts of four differentbalance scales. Which balance is the mostsensitive?
A C
B D
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3. 7.
4.
8.
5.
9.
6.
Diagram below shows the target board in agame.
Which result is consistent but notaccurate?
A C
B D
The diagram shows the scale of a micrometerscrew gauge.
What is the reading of the micrometer?
A 7.02 mm C 7.03 mmB 7.52 mm D 7.58 mm
TargetTarget
board
The diagram shows the scale of a verniercalliper.
What is the reading of the vernier calliper?
A 2.16 cm C 1.86 cmB 2.06 cm D 1.76 cm
Atmospheric pressure can be measured byusing
A hydrometer
B Bourdon gauge and manometerC Bourdon gauge and mercury barometerD manometer and mercury barometer
Table below shows the readings of thethickness of a board which are taken by fourstudents.
StudentReading/cm
1 2 3 4
A 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50B 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.53
C 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.53
D 2.71 2.73 2.74 2.74
Each student made four measurements. If the
actual thickness of the board is 2.53 cm,which of the students A, B, C, and D madethe measurements that are accurate but notconsistent?
Diagram (a) shows the reading of a verniercalliper while its jaws are closed. Diagram (b)shows the reading of the vernier calliper whena metal sheet is placed between the jaws.
What is the thickness of the metal sheet?A 0.46 cm C 0.38 cmB 0.42 cm D 0.32 cm
(b)(a)
The diagrams show the scales on a pair ofvernier callipers and a metre rule.
Which comparison is correct about thesensitivity of the vernier callipers and themetre rule when measuring the thickness of awire?
Vernier callipers Metre rule
A Low sensitivity Low SensitivityB Low sensitivity High sensitivityC High sensitivity Low sensitivityD High sensitivity High sensitivity
Vernier calliper Metre rule
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10. 14.
15.
11.
12.
13.
Four students, A, B, C, and D use a micrometerscrew gauge, a metre rule, and a verniercalliper to measure the thickness of a board.Which student records the reading correctly?
Micrometer Metre Vernier
screw rule/mm calliper/mmgauge/mm
A 11.1 11 11.13B 11.13 11.1 11.128C 11.128 11.1 11.13D 11.13 11 11.1
The diagram shows the scale of a micrometerscrew gauge.
What is the reading of the micrometer?
A 4.95 mm C 4.50 mmB 4.55 mm D 4.45 mm
Which of the following statements is correctaboutzero error?
A Can be reduced by determining averagereading.
B The magnitude of error increases when
the value of the reading increases.C Exist either in positive or negative.D The magnitude of error increases if the
range of scale is large.
Which of the following ways can reduce theparallax error while taking reading of currentfrom an ammeter?
A Use a higher sensitivity ammeter.B Repeat the measurement and calculate
the average reading.C Take the reading using a magnifying
glass.D Use ammeter that has plane mirror
below the pointer.
What is the function of the plane mirror underthe pointer in an ammeter?
A To increase the consistency of themeasurement.
B To increase the accuracy of themeasurement.
C To avoid parallax error.D To prevent zero error.
Diagram below shows two types of ammeters,X and Y, that can be used to measure electriccurrent.
(a) Which ammeter is more sensitive?
...................................................................
(b) State one reason for your answer above.
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
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16.
18.
17.
Figure below shows the scale of an ammeter.
(a)Name the physical quantity measured bythe ammeter.
...................................................................
(b)
What is the value of the smallest divisionon the scale?
...................................................................
(c) State the function of the mirror locatedunder the scale.
...................................................................
...................................................................
Mirror
Figure below shows a vernier calliper used tomeasure external diameter of a hollow
cylinder.
(b)Name the part labelled X.
...................................................................
(c) What is the function of X?
...................................................................
...................................................................
(a) The external diameters of the cylinder atfour different places are shown in thetable below.
External diameter/cmRelative
deviation/%
2.04 2.05 2.04 2.06 0.37
(i) Why is the external diameter
measured four times?
.............................................................
.............................................................
(ii)What is the purpose of calculating therelative deviation?
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
Figure below shows the meniscus of oil in ameasuring cylinder. P, Q and R are three eyepositions while measuring the volume of the
oil.
(a) Which position of the eye is correct while
taking the reading of the volume of oil?
...................................................................
(b) Give one reason for the answer above.
...................................................................
...................................................................
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19.
U N D E R S T A N D I N G S C I E N T I F I C I N V E S T I G A T I O N
Identify variables
in a given situation1. Identify and state the variables that can be investigated from the situations below.
EXAMPLE:The car moves faster when it is pushed harder.
Cause : pushed harder Manipulated variable : Force
Effect : moves faster Responding variable : Speed/Velocity/Acceleration
No. SituationManipulated
variable
Responding
variable
1. The temperature of smaller block risesfaster when it is heated.
2. The pendulum system with longer stringtakes longer time to stop.
3. The loaded lorry is harder to stop than theempty lorry.
4. The trolley that falls from the higher place
moves faster.
5. The spring becomes longer when it ispulled harder.
A student is assigned to measure the thicknessof a metal sheet. The student is provided witha vernier calliper.
(a) The student uses the vernier calliper tomeasure the thickness of the metal sheet.
Figure (i) shows the scale of the verniercalliper while the jaws are closed. Figure(ii) shows the scale of the vernier calliperwhen the metal sheet is put between thejaws.
(ii)
(i)
(i) What is the zero error of the verniercalliper?
.............................................................
(ii) Calculate the thickness of the metal
sheet.
Thickness = .................................
1.5
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Making inference 2. Write inference from the given variables.
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time
Inference: The length affects the time taken.
No.Manipulated
variable
Responding
variableInference
1. Force Acceleration
2. Mass Temperature
3. Force Extension
4. Mass Time
5. Force Pressure
6. Area Pressure
7. Temperature Volume
Form hypothesis. 3. Write hypothesis from the given variables.
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time
Hypothesis: The longerthe length, the longerthe time taken.
No.Manipulated
variable
Responding
variableHypothesis
1. Force Acceleration
2. Mass Temperature
3. Force Extension
4. Mass Time
5. Force Pressure
6. Area Pressure
7. Temperature Volume
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Analyse the data. 4. Data obtained from an experiment can be analysed by plotting a line graph.
Manipulated variable is on the x-axis, and responding variable is on the y-axis.
The variables must be stated together with the correct unit.
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Mass
Responding variable : Time
5. Sketch a graph to analyse the following variables:
(i) Manipulated variable : Force (ii) anipulated variable : Mass
Responding variable : Accelerationesponding variable :
Temperature
(iii) Manipulated variable : Force (iv) Manipulated variable : Mass
Responding variable : Extension Responding variable : Time
Mass/kg
Time/min
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(v) Manipulated variable : Force (vi) Manipulated variable : Area
Responding variable : Pressure Responding variable : Pressure
Interpret data to
draw a conclusion.
6. The conclusion of an experiment is made based on the line graph obtained.
EXAMPLE:
Conclusion: Conclusion:
The time is directly proportionalto the mass.
The pressure is inversely proportionalto the area.
Conclusion:
The temperature is linearlyincreasingwith the time.
Mass/kg
Time/min
Pressure/Pa
m-2
Time/min
Temperature/C
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Interpret data to
draw a conclusion.
7. Write a conclusion based on the line graphs below:
(i) (ii)
Conclusion: Conclusion:
........................................................
........................................................
.......................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
(iii) (iv)
Conclusion: Conclusion:
........................................................
........................................................
.......................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
Length/cm
Period /s Temperature/C
kg-
Pressure/kPa Force/N
Volume/m3
Extension/cm
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A
C
B
D
Check Yourself 4
1.
.
4.
2.
5.
3.
Which of the following graphs obeys theequation F = kx, where k is a constant?
A C
B D
Table below shows the results of an experimentto investigate between load and extension whena spring is stretched.
Load, F/N 100 150 200 250 300
Extension,
x/cm1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
The original length of the spring is l0= 15.0 cm.What is the manipulated variable?
A Load, FB Extension, xC Original length of the spring, l0D Material used to make the spring
The graph shows the relationship between vand t.
The relationship between v and t is
represented by the equation
Diagram below shows an investigation aboutthe stretching of a spring. Babies of differentmasses are supported by identical springs.
Which of the following variables are correct?
Manipulated
variable
Responding
variable
Constant
variable
A Mass of thebaby
Length ofthe spring
Diameter ofthe spring
B Length ofthe spring
Mass of thebaby
Diameter ofthe spring
C Diameter of
the spring
Length of
the spring
Mass of the
baby
D Mass of thebaby
Diameter ofthe spring
Length ofthe spring
The graph shows the relationship betweenphysical quantitiesPand Q.
Which statements about the graph is correct?
A If Q= 1, thenP= 2.
B The gradient of the graph is 1.C Pis directly proportional to Q.D The equation of the graph isP= 1 + 3Q
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