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8/14/2019 090820 Nose Prep Posp Case Choices
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Reitaku Universit
Reitaku Universit
Choices of cases or prepositions/postpositions
for several locative meanings:
a typological studyCase in and across languages, 27-29, AUG. 2009
Masahiko Nose
Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan
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Simple grammar of Tok Pisin
Preposition: long To: Mi go long Tokyo.
From: Mi kam long Tokyo.
In, On, At: Mi stap long Finland.
With: Mi paitim long stik.
For, Because, etc.
Many functions are summarized in one form.
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Reitaku Universit
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Rich case system in Hungarian (9 locative cases)
Locative functions in Hungarian
Inessive: aut-ban (in a car)
Superessive: aut-n (on a car)
Adessive: aut-nl (by a car)
Sublative: aut-ra (onto a car) Delative: aut-rl (from a car on)
Illative: aut-ba (into a car)
Elative: aut-bl (from car in) Allative: aut-hez (toward a car)
Ablative: aut-tl (from a car by)
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Preposition Long in Tok Pisin
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Some questions of this study
Some languages do not have a case-marking
Other languages have many cases: why?
Languages have grammatical / lexical forms
expressing locative functions: Choices of
prepositions, postpositions, cases, and Others: clitics, suffix, adverbials, body parts,
locational nouns, geographical nouns, verbs
including motions/directions (cf. Nose 2009, Roberts 1987)
Is there a boundary between cases and other
forms in locative functions?
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Outline of this study and a typological sampling
Research objectives: choices of forms for
locative functions (cf. Kahr 1975, Kurzon 2008)
Sampling: 20 languages (cf. Iggesen 2005 WALS 49)
10 languages with No case-marking
10 languages with More than 10 cases
Checking 5 locative functions
Results illustrate that:
Prepositions, postpositions, and other options
Cases for locative functions
Conclusion
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Conclusion: conceptual map of the choices
Hausa WariSpanish
Tok Pisin
Nguna Swahili Chinese
BasqueChukchiEpena PedeeGooniyandiPitjantjatjara
HunzibJapanese
Lakhota AmeleHixkariyana
Nez Perce FinnishHungarian
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Preposition
Postposition
Adverbial, locational
noun, clitic, etc.
Case
Verb including motions
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Research objectives
Do languages use grammatical forms (cases) to
express locative functions? (cf. Svorou 1993)
In fact, which forms languages choose?
cases, prepositions/postpositions, and others
Examining locative functions, cross-linguistically Five locative functions:
FROM, TO, ON, OVER, THROUGH
The sample 20 languages10 languages with no case-marking
10 languages with more than 10 cases
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Sampling: Languages of rich case system and no
case marking
Genealogically(Genetically) balanced:
IE, Uralic, and others
Geographically balanced:
Not only Eurasia and Africa, but also Pacific and America
Availability of reference grammars
20 languages
Svorou (1993): 26 lgs Kurzon (2008):26 lgs
Kahr (1975): 50+ lgs
WALS 49: Iggesen 2005 8/24
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Sample 20 languages
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Generated by WALS Language Viewer
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10 languages with no case-marking
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Amele, Chinese, Hausa, Hixkaryana, Lakhota,Nguna, Spanish, Swahili, Tok Pisin, Wari
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10 languages with more than 10 cases
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Basque, Chukchi, Epena Pedee, Finnish,Gooniyandi, Hungarian, Hunzib,
Japanese, Nez Perce, Pitjantjatjara
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Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions
1. FROM: origin (Ablative)
2. TO: destination, (not dative) (Allative)
3. ON: on top of, surface (Superessive, Locative)
4. OVER: rather adverbial (cf. above, across)
5. THROUGH: rather adverbial (cf. path, way)
cf. Tyler & Evans (2003)
Possible Types
Preposition, Postposition, Case, and other forms
(some are grammatical, others are lexical)
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Functional descriptions of each language:
Language name (number of cases, word order)
From
To
On
Over
Through 13/24
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1: Amele (0 case, SOV, Trans-New Guinea)
From N dec Postposition
To N na Postp. :Na (at, in, on,with, of )
On N na
Over N sec Postp.: sec (way)
Through N gemo Gemo: locational
noun (adverbial)
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17: Japanese (11 cases, SOV, East Asia)
From N kara Case (starting point)Kara: Ablative
To N e, made Case (e: direction)Made: Terminative
On N de, no ue de Case (de: locational), No ue de(ue: upper) : Periphrastic form
Over N wo koete Accusative wo + verbalKoete: across, past, over
Through N wo toutte Accusative wo + verbalToutte: passing, going by
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Research summary (selected 6 languages)
English FROM TO ON OVER THROUGH
Amele N dec N na N na N sec N gemo
Swahili Kutoka N Kwa N N-ni Kupitia Kupitia
Tok Pisin Long N Long N Long N Antaplong N
Brukim N
Hungarian N-blN-rl
N-tl
N-ba
N-ra
N-hez
N-on N-n tN-n keresztl
(case-marekd)
N-n t
N-n keresztl
(case-marked)
Japanese N karaAblative
N e
Direction
N de
Location
N wo koete
(v. gerund)
N wo toutte
(v. gerund)
Nez Perce AblativeN-pknix
Allative
N-ayn
Locative
N-pe
Locative
N-pe
Locative
N-pe
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1
2
3
4
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Observations #1: no case-marking: 6 prep/ 3 postp
From To On Over Through
Preposition long Complex prep:antap long
Adverbial
preposition?
brukim
Tok Pisin
Preposition Complex preposition Spanish
Preposition Verb Adverbial Chinese
Preposition Inside verb Preposition Genitive
preposition
Preposition Hausa
Preposition Verbalpreposition
No data(no form?)
Preposition Inside verb? Nguna
Preposition Verbal
preposition
suffix verbal Verbal
preposition
Swahili
Postposition Suffix Hixkaryana
Postposition Adverbial Amele
Postposition Adverbial
preposition
Postposition Lakhota
Inside verb [motion] Locationalnoun
Inside verb
[past]Wari
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1
2
3
4
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Observations #2: more than 10 cases
From To On Over Through
Case Nez Perce
Case Adverbial Case Pitjantjatjara
Case Adverbial Case Gooniyandi
Case Postposition withsuperessive
Postposition with
superessiveHungarian
Case Postpositionwith genitive
Postposition
with genitiveFinnish
Case No data Case Basque
Case No data(adverbial
above)
No data
(perlative case
along)
Chukchi
Case No data(adverial
above?)
No data (case
down? )Epena Pedee
Complex
cases
Case Postposition Postposition
with dative
Hunzib
Case Verbal
gerund
Verbal
gerund
Japanese
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1
2
3
4
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Summarizing the results
Languages with No case-marking:
Preposition/Postposition
Over has some prepositions (TP, Sp, Hausa, Lakhota)
Through has postpositions, adverbial, verbal, etc.
Wari: completely different, verbs including motions
Languages with More than 10 cases:
Nez Perce uses cases (Abl, All, Loc) for 5 functions
Over and Through are not expressed by cases Postpositions, adverbial forms, verbal gerund, or no data
Some languages have case forms for Through
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Conclusion: two boundaries: [from-to-on] / [through] / [over]
1. Locative functions (FROM, TO, ON) are
basically realized in specific grammatical forms(prepositions, postpositions, or cases) in the
sample languages (except Wari)
2. Locative functions (OVER, THROUGH) arevariable, rather expressed by lexical or others
Through is realized in prepositions, postpositions,
or cases (Nez Perce, Hausa, Basque, AU) in some languages
Over is realized by other (less-grammaticalized)
forms (Verbal, Adverbial, locational noun, etc.)
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Conceptual map of the choices: typical 4 types
(1) Hausa(English) (4)Wari
Spanish
Tok Pisin
Nguna Swahili Chinese
BasqueChukchiEpena PedeeGooniyandiPitjantjatjara
Hunzib
Japanese
Lakhota (3) AmeleHixkariyana
(2)Nez Perce FinnishHungarian
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Preposition
Postposition
Adverbial, locational
noun, clitic, etc.
Case
Verb including motions
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Conceptual map of the choices: possible pairs
Hausa WariSpanish
Tok Pisin
Nguna Swahili Chinese
BasqueChukchiEpena PedeeGooniyandiPitjantjatjara
Hunzib
JapaneseLakhota Amele
Hixkariyana
Nez Perce
FinnishHungarian
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Preposition
Postposition
Prep. and adverbial,
locational noun, etc.
Case
Verb including motions
1
23
Cases and Postpositions
Cases and adverbial,locational noun, etc.
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References (selected)
Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The WorldAtlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP.
Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202-
205.Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case-Asymmetry: a world-wide study on lexeme-class-dependent
deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa.
Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development.Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21-54. Stanford University.
Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008.Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntacticperspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. Ago and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon& Adler(eds.): 209-227.
Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: TheJacaranda Press/Web Books
Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. GengoKenkyuu 130: 109-123.
Rude, Noel E. 1985. Studies in Nez Perce Grammar and Discourse: promotion, genitives,antipassive, objects, ergative, Indians, northwest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon.
Roberts, John R. 1987.Amele. London: Croom Helm.
Siegel, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages. Oxford: OUP.
Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Tyler, Andrea. & Vyvyan Evans. 2003. The Semantics of English Prepositions. Cambridge: CUP.
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Thank you for your attention
24/24
Acknowledgments:Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Start-up), Japan Society for the Promotionof Science
Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University
Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New GuineaNguna: Villagers of Nguna island, VanuatuChinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan)Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan)
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Summarizing the results
No case-marking:
Preposition/Postposition Through has some prepositions
Over has adverbial, verbal, etc.
Wari: completely different, inside verb More than 10 cases:
Nez Perce uses cases for 5 functions
Over and Through do not have cases Adverbial, postpositions, Verbal gerund, or no data
Some languages have case forms for Through
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Conclusion
Basic locative functions (FROM, TO, ON) aregrammaticalized in one form (pre/post-
position, or case)
Complex locative functions (OVER, THROUGH) Through has prepositions, postpositions, or
cases in some languages
Over is expressed by several forms
Verbal, Adverbial, locational noun, etc.
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Formal streams among various locative functions
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Case
Preposition
PostpositionAdverbial, clitic
Verbserialization
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References (selected)
Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The WorldAtlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP.
Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202-
205.Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case-Asymmetry: a world-wide study on lexeme-class-dependent
deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa.
Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development.Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21-54. Stanford University.
Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008.Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntacticperspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. Ago and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon& Adler(eds.): 209-227.
Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: TheJacaranda Press/Web Books
Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. GengoKenkyuu 130: 109-123.
Rude, Noel E. 1985. Studies in Nez Perce Grammar and Discourse: promotion, genitives,antipassive, objects, ergative, Indians, northwest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon.
Roberts, John R. 1987.Amele. London: Croom Helm.Siegel, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages. Oxford: OUP.
Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Tyler, Andrea. & Vyvyan Evans. 2003. The Semantics of English Prepositions. Cambridge: CUP.
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Reitaku Universit
Thank you for your attention
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Acknowledgments:Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists(Start-up), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University
Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New GuineaNguna: Villagers of Nguna island, VanuatuChinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan)Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan)
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Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions
1. FROM: Ablative2. TO: Allative
3. ON: Superessive
4. OVER: Subessive? (above)
5. THROUGH: Perlative?? (along)
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L ( b f d d )
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Language name (number of cases, word order)
From
To
On
Over
Through
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1 A l (0 SOV)
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1: Amele (0, SOV)
From N dec
To N na
On N na
Over N sec
Through N gemo
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2 Chi (0 SVO)
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2: Chinese (0, SVO)
From Cong NTo Dao N
On Zai N
Over Verb
Through Adv. Guo
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4 Hi k i (0 OVS)
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4: Hixkariyana (0, OVS)
From N haye Postp (relator)
To N hona
On N ho (at, on)
Over N ohoye
Through N-rye, N horye Rye (suffix)
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5 L kh t (0 SOV)
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5: Lakhota (0, SOV)
From N ong postp
To N ekta
On N akan
Over itakasangpa Adverbial preposition
Through N opta
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6 N (0 SVO)
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6: Nguna (0, SVO)
From Pae N prep
To Paki N Verbal preposition (go-to)
On No data No form?
Over Tapau N
Through Paki-liina (come-through) Verbal preposition?
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7 S i h (0 SVO)
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7: Spanish (0, SVO)
From Desde N
To A N
On Sobre N
Over Encima de N
Through A traves de N
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8 Swahili (0 SVO)
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8: Swahili (0, SVO)
From Kutoka N Verbal infinitive
To Kwa N Verbal preposition?
On N-ni Suffix
Over Kupitia? (verb) Context-dependent
Through Kupitia (verb) Verbal preposition
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9: Tok Pisin (0 SVO)
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9: Tok Pisin (0, SVO)
From Long N
To Long N
On Long N
Over Antap long N
Through Brukim N
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10: Wari (0 VOS)
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10: Wari (0, VOS)
From Verb (motion from)
To Verb (motion to)
On To be at (motion at rest)
Over Na-in tama-xut Locational noun
Through Verb (motion past)
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11: Basque (15 SOV)
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11: Basque (15, SOV)
From Ablative
To Allative
On locative At in on
Over No data
Through ablative Place through
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12: Chukchi (13 no dominant order)
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12: Chukchi (13, no dominant order)
From Ablative
To Allative
On Locative
Over No data Above ? Ger goca
Through No data Perlative (along)
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13: Epena Pedee (15 SOV)
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13: Epena Pedee (15, SOV)
From N-pa Movement from case
To N-a Movement to case
On N-de General locative
Over No data Iti (above)
Through No data Movement down??
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14: Finnish (15 SVO)
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14: Finnish (15, SVO)
From N-sta, N-lta
To N-hun, N-lle
On N-lla
Over N-n ylla:, pa:a: ylla: Postp
Through N-n kautta postp
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15: Gooniyandi (13 no dominant order)
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15: Gooniyandi (13, no dominant order)
From Ablative 1
To Allative 1
On locative At on into in near
Over ? Spatial adverbial Lanngaddi (above, on top
of)
Through Perlative Through, along, beside,
around, pat, via
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16: Hunzib (11 SOV)
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16: Hunzib (11, SOV)
From Dative-elative, adessive-
elative, superessive-elative,sub-elative, cont-ela, com-
ela, all-ela
Complex cases
To Allative
On Supereesive
Over N Xodo (above) postp
Through N Giso, riso Postp with dative
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17: Japanese (11 SOV)
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17: Japanese (11, SOV)
From N kara
To N e, made
On N de, no ue de
Over N wo koete
Through N wo toutte
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18: Hungarian (18 no dominant order)
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18: Hungarian (18, no dominant order)
From N-bol
To N-ba, N-ig
On N-on
Over N at/ keresztul postp
Through N at/ keresztul postp
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19: Nez Perce (13 no dominant order)
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19: Nez Perce (13, no dominant order)
From Ablative
To Allative
On locative In into, on at, through, over
Over Locative
Through locative
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20: Pitjantjatjara (13 SOV?)
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20: Pitjantjatjara (13, SOV?)
From Ablative
To Allative
On Locative-instrumental
Over munkara General adverb of place
(over, on the other side of,
beond, futther on)
Through -wanu Transverse case
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Basque (Hualde & de Urbina 2003) 15
Absolutive 0
Ergative k
Dative (r)I
Genitive ren
Benefactive nentzat
Comitative Rekin
Instrumental Z
Partitive Rik
Prolative Tzat
Locative N
Ablative Tik
Allative Ra
Directional -rantz
Terminative -raino
Relational ko 52090827 Nose Helsinki
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Chukchi (Dunn 1999) 13
Absolutive -t
Ergative-instrumental -e
Equative -u
Allative -Ytae
Ablative -jpaePerlative -jekwe
Orientative -Yjit
Inessive -caeku
Sublative -jikwae
Comitative Ye-, -e
Associative Ya-, -ma
Privative e-, -ke
Locative -k
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Epena Pedee (Harms 1994) 15
Ergative -a
Absolutive Zero
Dative -maa
Cause -pot
Possessive -de
Accompaniment -ome
External goal -ithee
Location 1 -de
Location 2 -ma
Movement to -aa, -ee
Movement from -pa
Movement down -du
Origin -pema
Similarity -kha
Dissimilarity -ra 54090827 Nose Helsinki
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Finnish (Karlsson 1999) 15
Nominative
Genitive
Accusative
Inessive
Elative
Illative
Adessive
Allative
Ablative
Essive
Partitive
Translative
Instructive
Abessive
Comitative 55090827 Nose Helsinki
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Gooniyandi (McGregor 1990) 13
Absolutive zero
Ergative -ngga
Dative -yoo ~-woo
Locative -ya
Ablative 1 -nhingi
Ablative 2 -yangga
Allative 1 -yidda
Allative 2 -yayi
Allative 3 -yayoo
Allative 4 -yawoo
Perlative -binyi
Comitative -ngaddi
Deprivative -winyja 56090827 Nose Helsinki
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Reitaku Universit
Hungarian (Kiss 2002, Keresztes 1995) 18
Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Elative
Inessive
Illative
Delative
Superessive
Sublative
Ablative
Adessive
Allative
Terminative
Essive-formal
Instrumental
Translative
Causal-finalAssociative 57090827 Nose Helsinki
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Reitaku Universit
Hunzib (Berg 1995) 11
Nominative Zero
Ergative -l
Genitive -s
Instrumental -d
Dative -v
Adessive -g
Superessive -x
Subessive -***
Contactive -***
Comitative -gur
Allative -daer
Dative-elative
Ad-elative
Super-elative
Sub-elative
Contactive-elative
Comitative-elative
Allative-elative
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Reitaku Universit
Nez Perce (Rude 1985: 83) [13]
Unmarked [subj][intrans]
Ergative/ Genitive -nim [agentive][possession]
Direct object -ne [acc][indirect object]
Benefactive -ayn [for][beneficiary]
Associative -iin [with][human]Allative -px [to][place][goal]
Ablative -pkinix [from][place]
Locative -pe [in, on, at , to]
Instrumental -ki [with][instrument]
Resultative -wecet [because of][for]
Temporal -met [whereupon][then]
Senior vocative -e [kinship]
Junior vocative -e [kinship]
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Reitaku Universit
Pitjantjatjara (Bowe 1990) 13
Ergative -ngku
Absolutive Zero
Nominative -na
Accusative -ni
Purposive-genitive -ku, -mpaLocative-instrumental -ngka, -la
Allative -kuta > -kutu???
Ablative -nguru
Tranverse -wanu
Aversive -tawara
Causal -kitja
Privative -tjiratja
Having -tjara
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Japanese (Koizumi 2007) 11
topic wanominative ga
accusative wo
locative ni
source karaallative e
instrumental de
comitative to
comparative yori
terminative made
genitive no
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