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8/6/2019 04 IT_Projects by Firli
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IT Projects and
IT Project Management
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The Big Picture
IT Projectdo not occurin isolation
ProjectManagershould
understandBig Pictureof the
project
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IT Project Lifecycle
All projects
share thephases:initiate,determinefeasibility,plan,estimate,
executeandterminate
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Type of IT Project
System Development
Package Implementation
Package Customization
System Conversion System Enhancement
IT Architecture Design
Infrastructure Installations
Business Process Reengineering
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Sample SDLC Models
Waterfall model: has well-defined, linear stages ofsystems development and support
Spiral model: shows that software is developed usingan iterative or spiral approach rather than a linearapproach
Incremental release model: provides for progressivedevelopment of operational software
RAD model: used to produce systems quickly withoutsacrificing quality
Prototyping model: used for developing prototypes toclarify user requirements
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The Waterfall Model
ProjectDefinition
SystemDelivery
Maintenance
RequirementsAnalysis
Design
ComponentTesting
IntegrationTesting
SystemTesting
Program
Implementation
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Spiral Model of Software
Development (Boehm, 1988)
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Incremental Development
analysis deliverydesign coding testing
analysis deliverydesign coding testing
analysis deliverydesign coding testing
analysis deliverydesign coding testing
1st Increment
2nd Increment
3rd Increment
4th Increment
ProjectDefinition
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Rapid Application Development
Businessmodelling
Datamodelling
Processmodelling
Application
generation
Testing andturnover
Business
modelling
Datamodelling
Processmodelling
Application
generation
Testingand
turnover
Business
modelling
Datamodelling
Processmodelling
Application
generation
Testingand
turnover
Team 1 Team 2 Team 3
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Prototyping
Listen toCustomer
Build/ReviseMock-up
Customertest-drives
mock-up
Specifying requirements is often very difficult
Users dont know exactly what they want until theysee it
Prototyping involves building a mock-up of the
system and using to obtain for user feedback
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IT Projects have a terrible track record
A 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found thatonly 16.2% of IT projects were successful and over31% were canceled before completion, costing over$81 B in the U.S. alone
The need for IT projects keeps increasing
In 1998, corporate America issued 200,000 new-start application development projects
In 2000, there were 300,000 new IT projects, and
In 2001, over 500,000 new IT projects were started
Motivation for Studying Information
Technology (IT) Project Management
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The 2001 Standish Group Report ShowedDecided Improvement in IT Project
Success Rates From the 1995 Study
Time overruns significantly decreased to63% compared to 222%
Cost overruns were down to 45%
compared to 189% 78,000 U.S. projects were successful
compared to 28,000
28% of IT projects succeeded comparedto 16%
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What Helps Projects Succeed?
According to the Standish Groups report CHAOS 2001: A
Recipe for Success, the following items help IT projectssucceed, in order of importance: Executive support
User involvement Experience project manager
Clear business objectives
Minimized scope Standard software infrastructure
Firm basic requirements
Formal methodology
Reliable estimates
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Need for Top Management
Commitment Several studies cite top management
commitment as one of the key factorsassociated with project success
Top management can help project
managers secure adequate resources, getapproval for unique project needs in atimely manner, receive cooperation frompeople throughout the organization, andlearn how to be better leaders
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Need for Organizational Commitment
to Information Technology (IT) If the organization has a negative attitude
toward IT, it will be difficult for an IT projectto succeed
Having a Chief Information Officer (CIO) ata high level in the organization helps ITprojects
Assigning non-IT people to IT projects alsoencourage more commitment
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