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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 1
MATERIALS
AND
ENGINEERING
Chapter 1
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 2
What is Civil Engineering?
"...the art of directing the great sources of power in
nature for the use and convenience of man*
* Institution of Civil Engineers, www.ice.org.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 3
Engineering Structures-
Requirements
Engineering structures have to be-SSE;
Safe,
Servicable,
Economical
These depend on a sound knowledge of
materials.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 4
Engineering Knowledge
The engineer should know:
1. how to selectthe most appropriate materials,
2. properties of materials, including mechanical propertiesand behavior under different environmental conditions,
3. the standard specifications relevant with selectedmaterials,
4. the most appropriate testing method for measuring thequality of materials, and the procedures for inspecting theperformance of the materials.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 5
Selection of Materials-
Considerations
-Types and properties of the available materials,
-Initial and maintenance costs of the available
materials,
-Methods of preparation or manufacture of
materials,
-Methods of testing and inspection of thematerials according to relevant specifications.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 6
Concrete Asphalt
Initial Cost +
Useful Life +
Frequency of Repair +
Cost of Repair +
Comfortability +
Example: Comparison of concretepavement vs. asphalt pavement
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 8
3. Ceramics : (mainly aluminosilicates formed
by mixed bonding, covalent and ionic)
A. Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes)B. Porcelains4. Composite Materials :
A.Natural (agglomerates)
B.Artificial (Portland cement concrete)
Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 9
5. Reinforced Composite Materials :
(reinforced concrete, reinforced plastics)
One of the most important task of an
engineer is to select the most suitable
material for a given civil engineeringstructure.
Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 10
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
1)Mechanical
-Strength
Compression
Tension
Shear
Flexure
Fatigue
-Elasticity, elastic moduli (E, G, K)
-Stress-strain relationship
-Plasticity, flow
-Ductility, brittleness
-Hardness, wear resistance
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 11
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
2) Physical
-Dimensions, shape, surface texture
-Density or specific gravity
-Porosity-Moisture content, absorption
-Macrostructure
-Microstructure
3) Chem ical
-Oxide or compound composition
-Acidity, alkalinity
-Resistance to corrosion, sulfates, acids, etc.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 12
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
4) Phys ico-chemic al
-Water-absorptive or water-repellent action
-Shrinkage, swelling
5) Therm al
-Specific heat
-Expansion
-Conductivity
6) Electr ical
-Conductivity
-Galvanic action
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 13
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
7) Acoust ical
Sound transmission
Sound reflection
8) Optic al
Color
Light transmission
Light reflection
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 14
Mechanical Properties of
Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties define the behavior
of the materials under various types of
loads.
The mechanical properties are affected
mainly by the physical, chemical andthermal propertiesof the material.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 15
Durability of Engineering
Materials
Durability is the ability of a material to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, corrosion,
abrasion, and other destructive forces duringthe useful life of the structure.
The durability of materials is affected by their
physical, chemical, physico-chemical, thermal,electrical and mechanical properties.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 16
Standard Specifications
A specificationis a written detailed description of
something, or of a plan or proposal for that
something.
Various organizations have established
definitions, testing procedures and evaluation
of test results of materials. These descriptionsare presented as standards.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 17
Standardization Bodies
Relevant Standards
Institutes (Agencies) Relevant Standards orSpecifications
Turkish Standards Institute(TSE)
Turkish Standards (TS)
American Society for Testingand Materials (ASTM)
ASTM Specifications
American Concrete Institute(ACI)
ACI Specifications orRecommendations
International StandardsOrganization (ISO)
ISO Standards
European Committee forStandardization (CEN)
European Norms (EN)
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 18
Standards - Advantages
Standards,
- reduce misunderstandings between the producer andthe consumer,
- help the manufacturer to produce more uniform andcheaper products,
- allow the designers to select a materials withreasonable assurance of obtaining,
- provide testing procedures for material characteristicsor to evaluate the test results for accepting or rejectingthe materials.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 19
Materials Testing
Materials may show variations in their
characteristics and performance.
Therefore, testing and inspection of qualityand performance of a material are of vital
importance.
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 20
References
* See course outline for references.
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