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Oral cavity
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HEAD AND NECK PATHOLOGY
HUSNI MAQBOUL,M.D
HEAD AND NECK PATHOLOGY
• Diseases of the following anatomic sites :
– Oral Cavity
– Upper Airways
– Ears
– Neck
– Salivary Glands
Oral Cavity Congenital Abnormalities
• Dermoid Cysts
– Usually present at birth, may become
evident later when secondarily infected
– Seen in the midline of the floor of the
mouth
– Lined by squamous epithelium and
contain skin adnexae
Oral Cavity Congenital Abnormalities
• Heterotopic Gastric or Intestinal
Epithelium
– Tongue and floor of the mouth
– May result in cyst formations
• Odontogenic Origin Cysts
– Newborns and older infants
– Alveolar and Palatal Mucosa
– ! No need for biopsy
Oral Cavity Congenital Abnormalities
• Heterotopic Nerve Tissue
– Palate and Parapharyngeal Space
– Glial elemetns and ependymal clefts
– May give rise to tumors
• White Sponge Nevus
– Autosomal dominant
– Large white plaques in oral mucosa
White Sponge Nevus
Oral Cavity Congenital Abnormalities
• Fordyces Disease
– Presence of normal sebaceous glands
within the oral cavity
– Common occurrence
• Lingual Thyroid
• Epithelial Nests ( Organ of Chievitz)
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Defense Mechanisms of the oral
mucosa
– Competitive suppression by low virulence
organisms
– Secretory IgA
– Saliva
– Dilution and irrigation by foods and
drinks
– Rich blood supply
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Herpes Simplex
– Mostly caused by type I, usually trivial
sores
– Rarely Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
– Small, rapidly eroded vesicles to large
bullae
– Spontaneously clear within 3 - 4 wks
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Herpes Simplex
– Virus becomes dormant in local ganglia (
trigiminal) that can be reactivated, usually on
lips,around nasal orifices, and buccal mucosa
• Morphology
– Intra and intercellular edema
– Intranuclear viral inclusions ( Tzank Test )
– Multinucleated giant cells
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Oral Candidiasis ( Thrush )
– Normal inhabitant of the mouth
– Causes disease in diabetic, neutropenic,
and in immunocompromised patients
– Also in xerostomia, and broad spectrum
antibiotic therapy.
– Superficial gray whitish membrane,
readily scraped of revealing erythematous
inflammatory base.
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Aphthous Ulcers ( Canker Sores )
– Extremely common, painful superficial
ulcerations
– More common in the first two decades life
– Tend to be prevalent within certain
families
– Unknown cause, more painful than serious
• Behcet’ s Disease
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Aphthous Ulcers ( Canker Sores )
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Glossitis
– Beefy-red tongue encountered in Vit B
deficiency states, atrophy of papillae and
thinned mucosa
• Plummer -Vinson Syndrome
– Fe Deficiency, glossitis, esophageal
dysphagia
• Other causes include ill-fitting dentures, syphilis,
burns, corrosives
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Geographic Tongue ( Benign Migratory Glosssitis )
– Loss of filiform papillae, with erythematous
flat zones , associated with fissuring
– Usually asymptomatic, mostly adults
– Pathology : Psoriasiform process with reactive
inflammation
– Cause unknown
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Geographic Tongue ( Benign Migratory Glosssitis )
Oral Cavity Inflammatory Diseases
• Xerostomia ( Dry Mouth )
– Dry mucosa with atrophy of the papillae
and ulceration
– Radiation therapy, drugs
– Sjogrens syndrome with inflammatory
enlargement of salivary glands.
Oral Cavity Specific Inflammatory Diseases
• Tuberculosis
– Rare
– Painful ulcers of tongue or buccal mucosa
• Syphilis
– Gumma of tongue or palate
– Painless indurated mass
• Histoplasmosis
– Indurated ulcers, nodular lesions, verrucous
masses
Oral Cavity
• Histoplasmosis
Oral Cavity Specific Inflammatory Diseases
• Crohn’s Disease
– 6% of patients, sometimes as the initial
manifestation
– Lips, gingiva, vestibular sulci and buccal mucosa
– Edema, ulcers, or papulous hyperplastic mucosa
• Sarcoidosis
– Gingiva, tongue, hard palate and buccal mucosa
– Random lower lip biopsy
Oral Cavity Specific Inflammatory Diseases
• Melkersson - Rosenthal Syndrome
– Orofacial swelling
– Plicated tongue
– Facial nerve paralysis
– Cheilitis Granulomatosa
Oral Cavity Reactive lesions
• Non-neoplastic conditions presenting
as tumor masses
• Varying proportions of hyperplastic
epithelium, fibrous tissue, and
inflammatory cells
Oral Cavity Reactive lesions
• Irritation Fibroma
– Buccal mucosa along the bite line
• Pyogenic Granuloma
– Highly vascular pedunculated lesion of gingiva
in children, young adults, and pregnant women
• Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Oral Cavity Reactive lesions
Oral Cavity Reactive lesions
Oral Cavity
Oral Cavity Other Non-neoplastic lesions
• Extravasation Mucocele
– Stromal reaction to spillage of mucus from
traumatically injured minor salivary gland
– Mostly in lower lip
• Ranula
– Anatomic variant, blue domed cyst
sublingually
• Retention Mucocele
– Older patients, so specific site
Oral Cavity Other Non-neoplastic lesions
• Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
– Minor, less commonly major salivary glands
– Ulcerating lesion of hard palate
– Partial necrosis of salivary gland with
regeneration and squamous metaplasia
– ? Ischemic, ? Vasculitis
– Can be pathologically confused with
malignancy
Oral Cavity Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Oral Cavity Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Oral Cavity Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Oral Cavity Tumors of the Surface Epithelium
• Leukoplakia
– Clinical term denoting whitish plaque > 5mm,
that cannot be removed by rubbing and not
classified as another disease entity
– Keratosis + Dysplasia
– Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia ( OIN )
– Some times accompanied with “Lichenoid”
histology ( Lichenoid Dysplasia )
Oral Cavity Tumors of the Surface Epithelium
• Leukoplakia
– Buccal gingival gutter and floor of the mouth
– 2 - 5% SCC within 10 years
– Ominous features are speckled, warty or
verrucous
– Increased expression of Proliferating Cell
Nuclear Antigen
– Must be considered precancerous until proved
otherwise
Oral Cavity Leukoplakia
Oral Cavity, Tumors
• Erythroplasia
– Circumscribed area that may or not be
elevated with poor defined irregular margins
– Red to velvety, often granular
– Micro
• Epithelial dysplasia
• 50% transformation rate to malignancy
Oral Cavity, Tumors
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma In situ
– The most severe degree of OIN spectrum
– 90% have red , velvety ( Erythroplastic )
component
– Induration almost always associated with
invasion
Oral Cavity SCC In situ
Oral Cavity Papillomatous Lesions
• Human Papilloma Virus
• Benign types 2,4,6,11,13 and 32
– Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck’s Disease)
– Verruca Vulgaris
– Condyloma Accuminatum
– Squamous Papilloma
• Malignant types 16 and 18
– Verrucous and Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Oral Cavity Squamous Papilloma
Oral Cavity Papillomatous Lesions
• Hairy Leukoplakia
– Seen in HIV patients
– White confluent fluffy patches along lateral
edges of the tongue
– Caused by EBV, sometimes with superimposed
candidiasis
Oral Cavity Hairy Leukoplakia
Oral Cavity, Tumors
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• General Features
– 90% of Ca of oral cavity
– Mostly between 50 and 70 years
– ! About 50% are diagnosed late and prove to
be fatal
– Tobacco, alcohol, SPHL, oral sepsis, iron
deficiency , candidiasis, HPV
Oral Cavity, Tumors
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
– Location
• Vermilion border of the lip
• Floor of mouth
• Lateral borders of the mobile
tongue
Oral Cavity, Tumors
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Oral Cavity, Tumors
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
– Spread and Metastasis
• Lip : skin, orbicular muscle,buccal mucosa,
mandible, and mental nerve
• Floor : Sublingual gland, muscle, gingiva
• Tongue : Tends to remain localized longer,
eventually involves floor of the mouth and root of
the tongue
• To Cervical and Retropharyngeal lymph nodes
Oral Cavity, Tumors
• Verrucous Carcinoma ( Ackerman’s Tumor)
• Variant of well differentiated SCC
• Most common sites are buccal mucosa and lower
gingiva
• Large, fungating soft papillary growth
• Can invade mandible, maxilla and perineural
spaces
• Exceedingly rare L/N mts. No distant mts
Oral Cavity Tumors
• Other Microscopic Types
• Adenoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Adenosquamous Carcinoma
• Basaloid Squmous Cell Carcinoma
• Spindle Cell ( Sarcomatoid Carcinoma )
• Small Cell Carcinoma
• Lymphoepithelioma - Like Carcinoma
ORAL PATHOLOGY II
HUSNI MAQBOUL, M.D
Minor Salivary Glands
Lower Lip Biopsy can be useful in :
– Sarcoidosis
– Cystic Fibrosis
– Sjogren’s Syndrome
– GVHD
Tumors of Minor Salivary Glands
Salivary Gland Choristoma
Gingival nodule made up of disorganized
sero-mucinus salivary gland tissue mixed
with sebaceous glands
Adenomatoid hyperplasia
Hard palate, occasionally retomolar area
Tumors of Minor Salivary Glands
Benign Mixed Tumor ( Pleomorphic
Adenoma )
– Makes up only half of salivary gland
tumors of the palate
Tumors of Minor Salivary Glands
Malignant intraoral salivary gland tumors:
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Prognosis is better in the palate than in parotid
or submaxillary glands
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma
Tumors of Minor Salivary Glands
Tumors occurring predominantly in minor
salivary glands of the oral cavity:
Basal Cell ( Canalicular ) Adenoma
Predilection for upper lip
Characterized by canalicular pattern of
growth
Benign behavior
Tumors of Minor Salivary Glands
Tumors of Melanocytes
Ephilis and Lentigo ( Melanotic Macules )
Can present as solitary lesions, usually
lower lip of females
Multiple pigmented macules can be seen in
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Melanocytic Nevi
Lips, rarely inside the oral cavity
Tumors of Melanocytes
Malignant Melanoma
Common in people of Japanese and Black
African origin
Both pigmented and amelanotic varieties
occur
Common lymph node and distant
metastases
Extremely poor prognosis
Tumors and tumor like conditions of
lymphoid Tissue
Malignant Lymphoma
Mostly in palatine and lingual tonsils
Can also develop in gingival areas, buccal
mucosa, or palate
Soft bulky mass ulcerated, or covered by
normal mucosa
Most cases are B-cell NHL
In 40% of cases, there is evidence of disease
outside the oral cavity
Malignant Lymphoma
2/9/2013
MAJOR & MINOR
SALIVARY GLANDS
Husni Maqboul, M.D
Swellings in the Neck
Embryonic remnants
– Thyroglossal
– Branchial cyst
Salivary gland lesions
– Cysts
– Lymphoid infiltrates
– Tumors
Thyroid gland lesions
Related to mandible
Related to carotid bifurcation
Related to cervical lymph nodes
2/9/2013
Normal Histology
2/9/2013
Normal Histology
2/9/2013
Sialosis
2/9/2013
Oncocytosis
2/9/2013
SIALOLITHIASIS
2/9/2013
SIALOADENITIS
Acute :
– Can be localized to one salivary gland, usually
parotid or submaxillary
– Manifestation of systemic viral infection ,
mumps (paramyxovirus ), EBV, coxackievirus,
influenza and parainfluenza viruses
– Acute suppurative - S.aureus, strep. and Gr-ve
Predisposing factors : Dehydration,
malnutrition, sialolithiasis, and
immunosuppression
2/9/2013
SIALOADENITIS
Chronic :
– Lymphocytic infiltrate that can unaccompanied
by clinical symptoms
– Various degrees of atrophy, focal obstruction
and fibrosis
– Immune mediated , more in females ,
associated with RA
– Kuttner’s tumor : Unilateral chronic sclerosing
sialoadenitis of submandibular gland.
2/9/2013
SIALOADENITIS
Granulomatous
– TB, sarcoidosis, duct obstruction, or malignant
tumor
– Xanthogranulomatous variant
2/9/2013
SIALOADENITIS
2/9/2013
LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYSTS
Benign lymphoepithelial cysts
– Proliferation of branchial pouch-derived
or analogous epithelium induced by
lymphoid hyperplasia
– Present as cystic structures in upper
cervical lymph nodes or parotid
– ? Similar in origin to branchial cleft cysts
of head and neck, cysts in Hashimoto
thyroiditis, and thymic cysts
2/9/2013
LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYSTS
– Warthin tumor is considered by some as the
oncocytic variant of benign
lymphoepithelial cysts
– HIV patients have similar lesions plus solid
lymphoepithelial lesions
Pathology
2/9/2013
LYMPHOEPITHELIAL
CYST
Mikulicz’s Syndrome
Diffuse and bilateral
enlargment of salivary and
lacrimal glands
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Xerostomia
Keratoconjunctivitis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Hypergammaglobulin
Malignant
Lymphoma
TB Sarcoidosis
Mikulicz’s Disease
Benign lymphoepithelial
lesion
2/9/2013
Lymphoid Infiltrates
Mikulicz’s Syndrome: Diffuse and bilateral
enlargement of salivary and lcarimal glands
– Lymphoma , sarcoidosis, TB, and
Mikulicz’s Disease ( Benign Lymphoepithelial
Lesion ) is the most common cause of
Mikulicz’ Syndrome.
– Striking bilateral and symmetric enlargement of
salivary glands
– Systemic autoimmune disorder with clonal
expansion of B-lymphocytes
2/9/2013
Lymphoid Infiltrates
Mikulicz’s Disease ( Benign Lymphoepithelial
Lesion )
– Can evolve into full-blown lymphoma
– Pathology : Lymphoid infiltrate with reactive
geminal centers and solid nests of epimyoepithelial
islands representing collapsed acini
– Similar changes of minor salivary glands of oral
cavity with scant or absent myoepithelial islands
– Systemic manifestations ~ Sjogren’s Syndrome
Mikulicz’s Disease ( Benign
Lymphoepithelial Lesion )
Other Non-neoplastic Lesions
Lymphoid Disorders : Reactive or
inflammatory changes of intraparotid
lymph node can be confused with primary
salivary gland tumors
Keratinous Cysts of epidermal type can
involve mostly the parotid gland
Amyloidosis : Part of a generalized
process or as a localized pseudotumoral
mass
Epithelial Tumors Tumors with Stromal Differentiation
Benign Mixed Tumor ( Pleomorphic Adenoma )
– Most common neoplasm of salivary glands
– Most frequent in women in fourth decade
– Most commonly in the parotid where it arises in the
tail (50%) or anterior portion (25% ) of the superficial
lobe
– The remaining 25% arise in the deep lobe and present
as pharyngeal mass
Epithelial Tumors Tumors with Stromal Differentiation
Benign Mixed Tumor ( Pleomorphic Adenoma )
– Rubbery mass with bosselated surface that may grow
to a large size
– Though well circumscribed, small extensions can be
seen protruding into surrounding normal tissue
– Biphasic appearance due to intimate admixture of
epithelium and stroma
– Epithelial glandular component with squamous foci
– Stroma : Fibromyxoid with chondroid islands
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Epithelial Tumors Tumors with Stromal Differentiation
Malignant Mixed Tumor
Malignant transformation of a pre-existing tumor
– 5% - 10% of neoplasms
– Malignancy limited to epithelial component
– Mts to L/N, lung, bone, and abdominal organs
“True”malignant mixed tumor without pr-existing
benign tumor
– Biphasic malignancy ( Ductal carcinoma and
Chondrosarcoma )
– Highly aggressive and rapidly lethal
Malignant Mixed Tumor
Epithelial Tumors Tumors with oxyphilic “oncocytic” change
Warthin’s Tumor ( Cystadenoma
Lymphomatosum Papilliferum )
– Almost exclusively in the parotid gland
– More common in males with statistical
relationship with smoking
– Can be multicentric and is bilateral in 10%
– Lobulated mass with multicystic appearance
Warthin’s Tumor
Epithelial Tumors Monomorphic Neoplasms
Basal Cell Adenoma
– Adult patient with slight female predeliction
– Mostly in parotid gland
– Encapsulated, often cystic
– Tubular, trabecular or solid pattern of growth
– Canalicular adenoma variant
– Can be associated with dermal cylindromas
Basal Cell Adenoma
Epithelial Tumors Monomorphic Neoplasms
Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma
– Malignant counterpart of Basal Cell Adenoma
– Infiltrative quality with cytologic atypia,
perineural spread, and vascular permeation
– Parotid gland is the predominant site, and the
peak incidence is in the sixth decade
– Local recurrence and MTS to L/N and lungs
Myoepithelioma
Epithelial Tumors Tumors with Clear Cell Change
Do not constitute A homogenous or specific
type, clear cell change can be seen in :
– Myoepithelioma
– Sebaceous neoplasms
– Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
– Acinic cell carcinoma
– Metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Most of these tumors occur in the oral cavity
Epithelial Tumors Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Most cases are located in parotid gland
Most common malignant salivary gland tumor
in children
Microscopic types : Mucinous ( mostly well
differentiated) , Squamous, Intermediat and
Clear
Low grade have 5 y survival of 98%
Hige grade have 5 y survival of 56% , associated
with local recurrence and L/N mets
Epithelial Tumors Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Epithelial Tumors Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Slow growing, but highly malignant neoplasm
with remarkable capacity for recurrence
Most common malignant tumor of minor
salivary glands
In the parotid, it is less common than
mucoepidermoid and acinic cell carcinomas
Solid appearance and infiltrative pattern of
growth
Epithelial Tumors Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Micro : Cribriform pattern of growth ,
pseudocysts, small true glandular spaces and
characterestic is invasion of perineurial spaces
– Tubular pattern recurrence rate 59%, 15 y surv .39%
– Classic cribriform recurrence rate 89%15y surv. 26%
– Solid pattern recurrence rate 100% 15 y surv. 5%
Mts to lungs, infrequently to L/N
Epithelial Tumors Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Can arise from an intraparotid lymph node ( with
features of nodal lymphoma ), or in the gland itself
The large majority involve parotid gland
Most present as unilateral mass
Nearly all are of B-cell origin
Can arise on the backgorund of Mikulicz’s
disease, small cleaved ( MALT )
Very rare H.D and plasmacytoma
Other Primary Neoplasms
Vascular Tumors
– Hemangioma is the most common salivary gland tumor
in children
Lipoma d.d sialosis ( lipomatosis )
Schwannoma
Embryoma ( Sialoblastoma )
General Features of Salivary
Gland Tumors
Relative incidence and malignancy
– Twelve times more frequent in the parotid than in
the submaxillary
– Majority are benign, mostly benign mixed tumor
– Parotid gland - Incidence of malignancy was 17%
most common mucoepidermoid
– Submaxillary and palatal - incidence of malignancy
was 38% - 44% , mostly adenoid cystic
– Most tumors are unilateral and single, bilaterality
and multiplicity seen in Warthin tumor
General Features of Salivary
Gland Tumors
Diagnosis
– Excisional biopsy
– Incisional biopsy
– True cut biopsy and F.N.A cytology
– Frozen section
General Features of Salivary
Gland Tumors
Prognosis : Influenced by clinical staging,
location, and microscopic type
– Malignant tumors of submaxilary gland have
higher incidence of recurrence and metastases
than parotid tumors of the same type
– Adenoid cystic carcinoma has better prognosis
in the palate, intermediate in parotid, and worst
in submaxillary
– Presence of facial nerve palsy is an ominous
prognostic sign
General Features of Salivary
Gland Tumors
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