View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
1/26
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 1The Human Organism
Cells of the Peritoneum
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
2/26
Anatomy and Physiology – Say What?!
• Anatomy : study of structures of body – Systemic - study of body by organ systems – Regional - study of body by areas – Surface - uses superficial structures to
locate deeper structures• Physiology : study of processes and
functions of body
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
3/26
Structural & Functional Organization
Six Levels of Organization
1. Chemical Level
2. Cell Level3. Tissue Level4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level6. Organism Level
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
4/26
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level Atoms (p,n,e)combine to formmolecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules formorganelles, such asthe nucleus andmitochondria, whichmake up cells
3. Tissue LevelSimilar cells andsurroundingmaterials make uptissues
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
5/26
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level Atoms(colored balls) combineto form molecules
2. Cell Level Moleculesform organelles
(nucleus,mitochondria,etc), which make upcells
3. Tissue Level Similarcells and surrounding
materials make uptissues
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
6/26
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level Atoms (coloredballs) combine toform molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules formorganelles, such asthe nucleus andmitochondria, whichmake up cells
3. Tissue LevelSimilar cells andsurroundingmaterials make uptissues
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
7/26
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level Differenttissues combine toform organs (urinarybladder)
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as theurinary bladder andkidneys make up anorgan system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems makeup an organism
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
8/26
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ LevelDifferent tissuescombine to formorgans, such as theurinary bladder
5. Organ System LevelOrgans (urinarybladder & kidneys)make up organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems makeup an organism
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
9/26
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ LevelDifferent tissuescombine to formorgans, such as theurinary bladder
5. Organ System LevelOrgans such as theurinary bladder andkidneys make up anorgan system
6. Organism LevelOrgan systems makeup an organism
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
10/26
Fig. 1.3a
Organsystems ofthe humanbody and
theirassociated
organs
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
11/26
Fig. 1.3b
Organsystems ofthe humanbody and
theirassociated
organs
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
12/26
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: all parts of organism interact toperform specific functions
2. Metabolism: chemical & physical changes takingplace in organism
3. Responsiveness: adjustments that maintaininternal environment
4. Growth: increase in size of all/part of organism5. Development: changes organism undergoes
through time6. Reproduction: formation of new cells or new
organisms
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
13/26
Homeostasis
• Existence and maintenance of arelatively constant internal environment
– set point : ideal normal value (body temp)•
normal range : fluctuation around set point
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
14/26
Homeostasis
• maintained by neg & pos feedbackmechanisms
– Negative feedback turns off the originalstimulus
– Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus (often harmfulto the body)
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
15/26
http://highered.m
cgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student
_view0/chapter20/animation__posit
ive_and_negative _feedback__quiz
_1_.html
http:// glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.html
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.htmlhttp://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.htmlhttp://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.htmlhttp://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.htmlhttp://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.htmlhttp://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/positive_and_negative_feedback.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.html
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
16/26
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__feedback_in
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__feedback_inhibition_of_biochemical_pathways.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__feedback_inhibition_of_biochemical_pathways.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__feedback_inhibition_of_biochemical_pathways.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__feedback_inhibition_of_biochemical_pathways.html
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
17/26
Terminology and Body Plane
• Body Positions – Anatomical position
• human standing erect• face directed forward• arms hanging to sides• palms facing forward (supine)
–
If laying down..• Supine – palms face up• Prone – palms face down
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
18/26
Terminology and Body Plane•
Directional terms – Always refer to anatomical position
• Right• Left• Superior• Inferior• Cephalic• Caudal• Anterior• Posterior
• Ventral• Dorsal• Proximal• Distal• Lateral• Medial• Superficial• Deep
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
19/26
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
20/26
Fig. 1.12
Body Parts & Regions
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
21/26
Body Planes•
Sagittal plane: dividesbody into left and right• Transverse plane:
divides body intosuperior and inferior
• Frontal (coronal) plane:divides body intoanterior and posterior
Fig. 1.13
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
22/26
Organ Planes
• Longitudinal section:along its long axis
• Cross (transverse)
section: right angle tolong axis• Oblique section:
across long axis at anangle other than a rightangle
Fig. 1.14
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
23/26
Body Cavities• Thoracic cavity: bounded by ribs and diaphragm•
Abdominal cavity: bounded by diaphragm andabdominal muscles• Pelvic cavity: surrounded by pelvic bones
Fig. 1.15
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
24/26
Serous Membranes• Parietal membrane: lines wall of cavity• Visceral membrane: is in contact with internal organs• Serous fluid: secreted by serous membrane and protects
organs against friction
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
25/26
Serous Membranes
• Pericardial cavity:surrounds the heart
• Pleural cavities:
surround the lungs
8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)
26/26
Serous Membranes
• Peritoneal cavity:surrounds certainabdominal and pelvicorgans
– Mesenteries hold abdominalorgans in place & provide apassageway for bloodvessels, nerves to organs
– Retroperitoneal organs located “behind” parietalperitoneum
• Kidneys, adrenals, pancreas,
bladder part of intestine
Recommended