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Women and Paid WorkIntroduction to Family Studies
+Paid Work, Gender & Families
After rising for several decades, the labor force participation rate for women has shown little growth in recent years
The participation rate for adult men has drifted down over time.
Mothers with older children have highest labor force participation rate
WHY?
Children are expensive!!
+How much does it cost to raise a child born in 2012?
A)$120,050
B) $230,120
C) $301,970
D) $380,640
Adjusted for projected inflation
Source: Department of Agriculture
+Selected demographic characteristics
Women’s labor force participation rate peaked at 60.0 percent in 1999, following several decades of growth
In 2011, 58.1 percent of women were in the labor force, down 0.5 percentage point from 2010.
Source: http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf
+Mother’s Labor Force Participation Rate
http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2010/ted_20100507.htm
+Women’s Unemployment and race/ethnicity
Jobless rates varied by race and Hispanic ethnicity.
Asian women had the lowest rate (7.3 percent), followed by
White (7.5 percent), Hispanic (11.8 percent), and Black (14.1 percent) women.
+
According to recent figures: the unemployment rate:
for men – 9.4% up from 4.4% in 1970
for women – 8.4% up from 5.9% in 1970
Recent figures on unemployment2013
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment and earnings online JanuaryRetreived from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0588.pdf, February 07, 2013
+Labor Force Participation among Mothers
The labor force participation rate of mothers with children under 18 years of age was 70.9 percent in March 2011,
down slightly from 2010. Only 19 perent of all families are
breadwinner/homemaker model
Source: Data were collected in the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS. Retreived from http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf, Auguste 18, 2013
Women are still underrepresented in blue collar jobs like construction
These jobs pay well and don’t require a college degree
What jobs do women NOT do?
Labor force participation is significantly higher among women today than it was in the 1970s,
Particularly among women with children, and a larger share of women are working full time and year round.
Over the past 4 decades, women have made notable changes in their labor force activities.
O
In addition, women have increasingly attained higher levels of education:
Among women ages 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree roughly tripled from 1970 to 2011.
Over the past 4 decades, women have higher education attainment
+Over the past 4 decades, women earn more
Women’s earnings as a
proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time.
In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of what men did; in 2011, women’s earnings were 82 percent of men’s
+Male dominance in governmenthas declined only recently
Before 1992, there had never been more than 2 women among our 100 U.S. senators.
As of November 2012, we have 20 women Senators the highest number in U.S. history
(out of 100) 81+ women in House of Representatives
(out of 435)
Retreived from: http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid='0E%2C*PLS%3D%22%40%20%20%0ARetreived
http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/cong.aspx
+Changing Gender Composition of U.S. Congress
+Male dominance in governmenthas declined only recently
A recent set of polls conducted BEFORE the last presidential election found:
67 - 71 percent believe the U.S. is ready to elect a woman president
Over 74 percent believe the U.S, is ready to elect an African/American/black candidate
Source: http://www.pollingreport.com/politics.htm://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/Facts/Elections/pres08_polls/Gallup_6in10.pdf
+Women in the military
As of February 2013 women are now allowed to be in combat positions in the military
Why is this important?
Many people from the military go on to powerful positions in the government, business, and the military
+Gender and name change
Taking your husbands name ….
Some argue – it is just easier if couple and children have the same name –
Others argue - isn’t changing your name on all legal documents confusing and time consuming?
And why is it almost always women who change their names to their husbands’ name?
This is a holdover from older patriarchal customs
+Summary
Summary Women and especially mothers have made strong
gains in the labor force over the past four decades
Women are still underrepresented in the highest levels of corporations, government and the military
+Summary
Summary
Men’s power is embedded in the social structure – this is changing as more women are employed
Women are working more and earning more and more but still very few have reached the top of business
And women are still outnumbered by men in high government positions
See COO of Facebook Cheryl Sandbergs book Lean In
Will we have a woman president soon?
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