Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take...

CHAPTER 16

ONE AMERICAN'S STORY (PG 482)

Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically

important?

Brooklyn Bridge

TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…

Louis Sullivan Daniel Burnham Frederick Law Olmsted Orville and Wilbur Wright George Eastman

TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE

Engineering innovations (like Brooklyn Bridge) laid the groundwork for modern life

Large urban cities across America became the residence of nearly 40% of population

Skyscrapers, Electric Transit, and Urban Planning aided in the growth of these cities

SKYSCRAPERS

Elevators and internal steel skeletons enabled architects to build higher and higher buildings

Louis Sullivan designed the Wainwright Building

Daniel Burnham built the Flatiron Building

NEW TYPES OF BUILDINGS

ELECTRIC TRANSIT

Electric trolleys replaced horse-drawn streetcars at the turn of the century

1888 Richmond, VA was 1st city to electrify its urban transit

Some cities created “el” trains (elevated), and some created subways

EL TRAIN NY, SUBWAY

CENTRAL PARK

Frederick Law Olmstead created New York’s Central Park

Much like the national parks out west, these parks sought to keep some of a cities natural beauty before it was all torn down

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

The US literacy rate had risen to 90% by 1890, thus new technology in printing books and magazines was needed

New paper (pulp mills), faster production enabled mass printing

THE WRIGHT BROS

Orville and Wilbur Wright were brothers who owned a bicycle manufacturing store in Dayton, OH.

They designed the first airplane

Dec. 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, NC it flew 120 feet for 12 seconds

THE KODAK CAMERA

George Eastman introduced the Kodak camera in 1888

Now, photography was no longer a professional activity—many novice armatures began capturing photography of Americana

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY (PG 488)

Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically

important?

TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…

Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute W.E.B. Bu Bois Niagara Movement

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

Between 1865—1895, states began passing laws requiring children b/t 8 and 14 yrs old attend school 12 to 16 weeks per year.

Kindergartens (originally childcare for working mothers) became more popular

In 1880 62% of white children attend elementary school, compared to 34% of black children.

The majority of African-American children won’t attend public schools until 1940

HIGH SCHOOLS

High schools also expanded in 1900 to offer a curriculum rooted in science, civics, and social studies, as well as vocational training for industry

More than ½ million students attend high school by 1900

Even though attending schools increased, only a minority actually received a diploma, and even fewer went on to college

EXPANDING HIGHER EDUCATION

Between 1880—1920 college enrollment more than quadrupled

The curriculum changed to include research universities, physical sciences, psychology/ sociology, laws, medicine, etc.

COLLEGES FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS With the help of

Freedmen’s Bureau, Howard University was established for black students in Washington D.C.

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON

Booker T. Washington believed that racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society

He headed up Tuskegee University, Alabama

W.E.B. DU BOIS

W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African-American to receive a doctorate from Harvard University

He strongly disagreed w/ Washington’s gradual approach

He founded the Niagara Movement to educate black teachers

IMMIGRANT EDUCATION

Immigrants were encouraged to go to schools (unlike African Americans)

Young immigrant children were “Americanized” in the free public schools

Henry Ford offered daytime classes for immigrants to learn English, as well as customary American duties Many felt Ford was indoctrinating them not

to ever confront management

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY (PG 492)

Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically

important?

TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…

Ida B. Wells Poll Tax Grandfather Clause Segregation Jim Crow Laws Plessy v. Ferguson Debt Peonage

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

African Americans faced obstacles restricting their newly-found legal rights during Reconstruction

Many Southern states adopted legal policies of racial discrimination, as well as came up with ways to weaken their political power

VOTING RESTRICTIONS

LITERACY TEST/ POLL TAX GRANDFATHER CLAUSE

Some states required its citizens to be able to read & right, therefore instituted literacy tests, where blacks were asked harder questions than whites

A poll tax also had to be paid in order to vote, which hurt both blacks as well as white sharecroppers

An additional clause added to voting was the grandfather clause, which stated that if your father or grandfather was eligible to vote before 1/1/1867, then you were also eligible to vote.

This date was important, because no slaves were able to vote by that date

JIM CROW LAWS

Southern states passed racial segregation laws in order to separate white/ black people in society

These laws were commonly called “Jim Crow "laws

Racial segregation was common in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems in the South

PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)

In this historic court case, the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal, and not violate the 14th Amendment.

This case established the doctrine of “separate but equal”, which stated that states could keep blacks and whites separate, as long as the facilities were equal…they never were.

TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY RACE RELATIONS

Blacks not only faced formal discrimination, but information discrimination as well. Blacks and whites never shook hands Blacks had to yield to whites on the sidewalk Blacks had to remove their hats for whites

Moderate reformers (like Booker T. Washington), eventually earned support from whites, but many (W.E.B. Du Bois, and Ida B. Wells) felt that more urgent tactics were in order

TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY RACE RELATIONS

Blacks that were accused of violating the accepted rules of racial etiquette were often lynched.

Between 1882 and 1892, more than 1,400 blacks were shot, burned, or hanged w/o trial in the South

DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OTHER THAN THE SOUTH

Blacks that lived in the North looking for a better life often found themselves living in segregated in communities; not allowed to join unions; unemployed; etc

Mexican immigrants were hired out west to construct the railroads, mining, agriculture, etc.

Many people (Mexicans/ African-Americans) found themselves in debt peonage, which bound them into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer.

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY (PG. 498) Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically

important?

TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…

Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Ashcan school Mark Twain Rural Free Delivery (RFD)

AMUSEMENT PARKS

Large urban cities began building parks for outdoor enjoyment

Coney Island, NY was built in 1884

BICYCLING AND TENNIS

Early bicycles were often dangerous, which led only men to ride

The “safety bike” was built in 1885, which allowed more women to begin riding

Tennis also became a huge spectator sport in America around 1888

Products like Hershey chocolate bar and Coca-Cola premiered in 1900

BASEBALL

Boxing and baseball were the two most popular games to watch

Baseball clubs began springing up across the US

1869 a pro baseball team named the Cincinnati Red Stocking emerged

The National League formed in 1876, and the American League formed in 1900

The first World Series was held in 1903—the Boston Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates

The Boston Pilgrims, 1903

THE SPREAD OF MASS CULTURE

Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World newspaper in 1883—created a large Sunday edition, comics, sports, women’s news, etc.

THE SPREAD OF MASS CULTURE

William Randolph Hearst bought the New York Morning News

He also owned the San Francisco Examiner

Looking to outsell Pulitzer, Hearst filled his newspaper with scandalous stories, cruelty, and other sinister stories that would sell his newspaper

Hearst Castle, San Simeon, CA.

PROMOTING FINE ARTS/ POP FICTION

The Ashcan School of American Art, led by Robert Henri, painted real-life scenes of urban America

Popular fiction about crime tales and Western adventures began to arise.

Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn about life on the Mississippi River is still a classic today.

NEW WAYS TO SELL GOODS…

Urban Shopping- the first “shopping mall” opened in Cleveland, OH in 1890.

The Department Store: A one-stop-shop for women in Chicago in 1865

The Chain Store: The same stores in different cities: Woolworths by 1911 had 596 stores

Catalogs and RFD: Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck sold goods through catalogs. The post office introduced rural-free delivery (RFD) to homes across America