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© West Educational Publishing
Conflict, Stress, and Coping
CHAPTER 16
Stress and conflict are part of everyday life. Those who can use stress as a motivator can achieve greater things.
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© West Educational Publishing
Frustration Anxiety
Stress Conflict
Click on a term for more
information.
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© West Educational Publishing
Some can be serious, as when airline flights are cancelled or talents or abilities don’t measure up to expectations.
Frustration
Frustration may be defined as the emotion produced when we are blocked from reaching our goals.
Most frustrations are minor (busy signals, traffic slowdowns, late arrivals, etc.).
Click on a term for more information.
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Conflict
Conflict arises when a person needs to decide between two alternatives.
Types of conflict:
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Approach-Approach
The person is attracted to two goals.
The approach - approach conflict is not all bad. You have to decide between two attractive choices.
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Approach - Avoidance
The person is attracted to one goal but it comes with a
negative aspect.
The approach - avoidance conflict can be distressing.
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Avoidance - Avoidance
The person has to choose between them.
The avoidance - avoidance conflict presents two undesirable goals.
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Double Approach - Avoidance
The person has two goals, each has both good and
bad characteristics.
The double approach - avoidance conflict is the most common.
Click on a term for more information.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is a feeling of hopelessness, a feeling of fear or fright. It often follows feelings of frustration and conflict. Anxiety attacks can produce physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, chest pain, breathlessness or headache.
Click on a term for more information.
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When stress is good and leads to something desirable such as studying for a big exam and then receiving a good grade on the exam, it is called eustress.
When the stress has negative effects such as confusion, an inability to make decisions, and illness, it is called distress.
StressStress is defined as the physical pressure and strain that result from change.
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Sequence of Steps in the Fight or Flight Behaviors
1. The brain appraises a situation as threatening and dangerous.
2. The lower brain structure secretes a stress hormone.
3. The stress hormone signals the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline.
4. This causes the muscles to tense, the heart to beat faster, and the liver to send out sugar to be used in the muscles.
Fight or Flight
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
Defined as a series of stages the body goes through when exposed to stressful situations.
1. The alarm stage is the initial stage where the body prepares for attack—either psychological or physical.
2. The second stage is called the stage of resistance. The body uses up a great amount of energy to prepare for the stressor.
3. The third stage is exhaustion. It is marked by body exhaustion and health problems.
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
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Some Psychological Stressors for High School StudentsLife Event Stress Points
Divorce of parents 98
Expulsion from school 79
Major injury or illness 77
Getting a job 62
Major illness of close friend 56
Peer difficulties 45
Moving away 41
Christmas 30
Vacation 25
Traffic ticket 22Click on a term for more information.
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Coping with Stress
Issue of ControlPeople deal better with stress if they have some degree of control in a stressful situation.
Self-ConceptIf people don’t feel confident (have a positive self-concept), they will become anxious and withdrawn.
Self-EsteemWorthwhile feelings people have. If we are expected to meet impossible standards, we often stop trying at all.
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Regression
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include:
Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
RepressionClick on a
term to have it defined.
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Pushing painful material out of consciousness
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Refusing to admit a problem exists
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Venting feelings on something not related to the frustration
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Expressing the opposite of what one feels
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Taking all feelings out of a frustrating situation
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Taking on a punishing person’s characteristics
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Moving backward and acting as a helpless child
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Explaining a situation to avoid responsibility
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Assigning to others our own thoughts and feelings
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Psychological Defense MechanismsPsychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable.
Examples include: Click on a term to have it
defined.
Channeling emotional energy into constructive or creative activity
Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation
Reaction Formation
IntellectualizationIdentification
with the Aggressor
Denial Displacement
Repression
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© West Educational Publishing
Healthy Characteristics
Take credit for successes
and responsibility for failures. Learn from
both.
Appreciate life.
Don’t take yourself too
seriously. Keep a sense of humor.
Accept yourself.Take
control of your life as much as
possible.
Develop a sense of
independence.
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Substance Abuse
occurs when the use of drugs interferes with daily life.
occurs when the person has symptoms when using the drug.
occurs when the person uses more and more drugs.
occurs when the person spends large amounts of time in drug use.
Substance abuse
Substance dependence
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heavy alcohol intake affects the liver and brain cells
provides non-nutritional calories
can lead to alcohol withdrawal delirium and hallucinations
synergistic effect increases dangers of alcohol and barbiturates when taken together
Alcoholism
Chemical effects: alcohol is a depressant (too much will lead to unconsciousness). Absorption takes 2-6 hours, depending on weight, amount, food intake, etc.
Physical effects:
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Causes of Alcoholism
No one knows for sure, but factors that may be responsible include
heredity
environment
genetic defects
social training
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Indicators of Alcoholism
Frequent drinking binges. Drunkenness more
than once a week. A steady increase in the amount of alcohol
drunk. Drinking in the morning. Being drunk at school or at work. Blackouts or not remembering events
when drunk. Drinking when confronting a crisis.
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Marijuana
Marijuana distorts and confuses the perception of the world.
The short-term memory system is directly affected.
Nicotine
Nicotine is found in tobacco products. It increases blood pressure and heart rate. It also leads to higher risks of heart disease and lung disease.
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Amphetamines “Uppers” create a sense of excitement,
freedom, and energy. People build tolerance for the drug. Continued usage leads to strange images,
convulsions, and paranoia.
CocaineCocaine, unlike alcohol, is a stimulant. Crack is a form of purified cocaine.
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Steroids are used to increase body mass and muscular size.
Short-term use can cause people to lose control of emotions.
Long-term use can cause serious physical problems including heart trouble and infertility.
LSD
OpiatesOpiates are sedatives that depress the brain. They create a physical dependence.
LSD produces hallucinations and marked changes in behavior.
Steroids
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© West Educational Publishing
Summary of Main Topics Covered
Frustration
Conflict
Anxiety
Stress
Coping with Stress
Substance Abuse
Fight vs. FlightGeneral Adaptation SyndromePsychological Stressors{
{Psychological Defense MechanismsHealthy Characteristics
{Alcohol, Marijuana, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opiates, LSD, Steroids EXIT
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