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The Psychological Therapies
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History of Insane Treatment
Maltreatment of the insane throughout the ages was based on irrational views. Many patients were subjected to strange, debilitating and
downright dangerous treatments.
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History of Insane Treatment
Pinel in France and Dix in America founded humane movements to care for the mentally
sick.
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
Dorthea Dix (1745-1826)
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Therapies
Psychotherapy involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained
therapist and a mental patient.
Biomedical therapy uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient’s nervous
system curing him of psychological disorders.
An eclectic approach uses various forms of healing techniques depending on the client’s
unique problems.
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Psychological Therapies
We will look at four major forms of psychotherapy based on different theories on
human nature:
1.Psychoanalytical theory
2. Humanistic theory
3.Behavioral theory
4.Cognitive theory
Your therapist asks you to try to remember your dreams. He also
encourages you to review incidents in early childhood. Your therapist is most
likely practicing:
A. Freudian therapy.
B. cognitive therapy.
C. behavior therapy.
D. humanistic therapy.
While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any
ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny’s therapist was making use
of a technique known as:
A. active listening.
B. free association.
C. systematic desensitization.
D. transference.
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Psychoanalysis
The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud's famous couch
Edmund Engleman
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Psychoanalysis: Aims
Since psychological problems originate from repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the
patient can deal with them.
When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflict is released, the patient’s anxiety
lessens.
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Psychoanalysis: Methods
Dissatisfied with hypnosis, Freud developed the method of free association to unravel the
unconscious mind and its conflicts.
The patient lies on a couch and speaks whatever comes to his mind.
http://www.english.upenn.edu
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Psychoanalysis: Methods
During free association, the patient edits his thoughts to resist his feelings and to express his emotions. Such resistance becomes important
in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.
Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his innermost private thoughts to the therapist,
developing positive or negative feelings (transference) towards him.
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Psychoanalysis: Criticisms
1.Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven.
2.Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive.
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Current Psychodynamic Therapies
Influenced by Freud, in a face-to-face setting, psychodynamic therapists understand
symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient’s life.
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Psychodynamic Therapies
Interpersonal psychotherapy, a variation of psychodynamic therapy is effective in treating depression. It focuses on symptom relief here
and now, not overall personality change.
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Humanistic Therapies
Humanistic therapists aims to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-
awareness and self-acceptance.
Humanistic therapies differ from psychoanalytic therapies in all of
the following ways, EXCEPT:A. psychoanalytic therapists are more likely
to encourage the client to take immediate responsibility for feelings.
B. humanistic therapists are more oriented to the present and future, rather than the past.
C. psychoanalytic therapists are more likely to emphasize unconscious processes.
D. humanistic therapists are more growth-oriented.
McKenzie’s therapist believes that active listening is an extremely
important component of therapy. He is probably a:
A. psychoanalyst.
B. cognitive therapist.
C. behavior therapist.
D. client-centered therapist.
Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of:
A. exploring clients’ childhood relationships with other family members.
B. interpreting the meaning of clients’ nonverbal behaviors.
C. enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.
D. helping clients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
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Person-Centered Therapy
Developed by Carl Rogers, person-centered therapy is a form of humanistic therapy.
The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way,
addressing his problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem.
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Humanistic Therapy
The therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies patient’s thinking,
acknowledging expressed feelings.
Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine © Time Warner, Inc.
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Behavior Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
To treat phobias or sexual disorders behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the
surface looking for inner causes.
If a therapist tells a client, “Rank order the things that frighten you from least to most,” the therapist
is most likely practicing:A. Freudian therapy.
B. systematic desensitization.
C. Gestalt therapy.
D. token economy.
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Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning: a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy and aversive
conditioning.
Jon’s therapist laces his alcoholic drink with a drug that makes Jon sick. After getting sick a few times, just the
sight of the drink makes Jon nauseous. In this example, the
conditioned stimulus is the:A. drug.
B. alcohol.
C. nauseous response to the drug.
D. nauseous response to the sight of the drink.
A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in
the family’s backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The
therapist’s approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates:
A. stress inoculation training.
B. aversive conditioning.
C. exposure therapy.
D. humanistic therapy.
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Exposure Therapy
Exposes patients to things they fear and
avoid. Through repeated exposures
anxiety lessens because they habituate
to the things feared.
The Far Side © 1986 FARWORKS. Reprinted with Permission. All Rights Reserved.
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Exposure Therapy
Exposure therapy involves exposing people to (fear of driving) objects in real or virtual
environments.
N. Rown/ The Image Works
Both Photos: Bob Mahoney/ The Image Works
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Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat
phobias.
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Aversive Conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
With this technique, temporary conditioned
aversion to alcohol has been reported.
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Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification in which
desired behavior is rewarded and undesired behaviors are not or are punished.
A number of withdrawn, uncommunicative 3-year-old autistic children have been
successfully trained by giving and withdrawing reinforcements for desired and undesired
behaviors.
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Token Economy
In institutional settings therapists may create a token economy, where a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the
desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.
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Cognitive Therapy
Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional
reactions.
A cognitive therapist would be most likely to say:
A. “That sounds quite frustrating. It isn’t easy to be in a situation like that.”
B. “Can you think of a more positive interpretation of what happened?”
C. “Just say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or irrelevant it might seem.”
D. “Next time you start to feel anxious, you can use the relaxation techniques we’ve been working on.”
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Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy
(thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for
their depression.
Beck believes that cognitions such as “can never be happy,” need to change in order for depressed
patients to recover. This change is brought into patients by gentle questioning.
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Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Rabin et al., (1986) trained depressed
patients to daily record positive events and relate how they contributed to these events. Compared
to other depressed patients, trained patients showed lower depression
scores.
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Stress Inoculation Training
Meichenbaum (1977, 1985) trained people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations.
“Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will be hard for everyone else too. I studied harder than most people. Besides, I don’t need a
perfect score to get a good grade.”
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeating thinking with efforts to modify
behavior.
Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the
way they think (cognitive therapy).
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Group Therapy
Group therapy normally consists of 6-9 people and a 90-minute session which can help more
people and cost less. Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems.
© Mary Kate Denny/ PhotoEdit, Inc.
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Family Therapy
Family therapy treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members toward positive
relationships and improved communication.
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