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They had also gained control of territories in central Italy that came to be known as the Papal States This control kept the popes involved in political matters, often at the expense of their spiritual duties
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THE PAPAL MONARCHY
Since the 5th c, the popes of the Catholic Church had been supreme over the affairs of the Church
They had also gained control of territories in central Italy that came to be known as the Papal States
This control kept the popes involved in political matters, often at the expense of their spiritual duties
PAPAL REFORMS Secular, or lay, rulers usually
chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbol of their office, a practice known as lay investiture
Realizing the need to be free from secular interference in the appointment of church officials, Pope Gregory VII decided to fight this practice
Gregory claimed that only by eliminating lay investiture could the Church regain its freedom
By “freedom” he meant the right of the Church to appoint clergy and run its own affairs
THE CHURCH SUPREME During the papacy of Pope Innocent III in the 13th c, the Catholic Church reached the height of its political power
Innocent used the spiritual weapons at his command
His favorite was the interdict – forbids priests from giving the sacraments (Christian rites) of the Church to a particular group of people.
The goal was to cause the people under interdiction, who were deprived of the comforts of religion, to exert pressure against their ruler
THE CULTURE OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES
THE FIRST UNIVERSITIES The first European university
appeared in Bologna (buh-LOH-nyuh), Italy
A great teacher that taught Roman law attracted students from all over Europe (men) Most were administrators for kings
and princes
Kings, popes, and princes thought it honorable to found new universities
By 1500, there were 80 universities in Europe
UNIVERSITY CURRICULA Students began their studies at
medieval university w/ the traditional liberal arts curriculum Consisted of grammar, rhetoric, logic,
arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy
Teaching was down using the lecture method The word “lecture” is derived from
Latin and means “to read” Books were expensive and few
students could afford them, so teachers read from a basic text and then added their explanations
A student could go on to study law, medicine, or theology Theology – the study of religion and God – was the most highly regarded subject of the medieval university
THE BLACK DEATH
Basically this is a nasty bacteria-based epidemic that was spread along trade routes Rats carrying fleas that had the bacterium were the catalyst
The plague spread through trade routes Italian merchant ships (a playground for rats) brought the disease with them from the Black Sea in October 1347
By the end of the year it had spread throughout Italy, France, and Spain
Out of a total European population of 75 million, 38 million died of the plague between 1347-1351 (4 years) That’s 9.5 million per year That’s 182,693 / week Over 26,000 / day That’s over 5 Willis’s / day
ECONOMIC EFFECT The death of so many people in the 14th c led to a decline in trade and shortage of workers this caused a dramatic increase in the cost of labor
DECLINE OF CHURCH POWER
European kings had grown unwilling to accept papal claims of supremacy by the end of the 13th c.
This was evident in the struggles btw Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV
Basically, Philip wanted to tax the clergy and Boniface said that they will not be taxed because they are above state
Philip disagreed and sent troops to capture Boniface and bring him to trial Boniface escaped by died soon after the
ordeal from the shock of the experience
Philip made to where a Frenchman was elected Pope and moved the papal offices to Avignon, France. From 1305-1377 popes live in Avignon…
NOT Rome
Eventually the papal offices returned to Rome in 1377 under Pope Gregory XI He died soon after the journey home
THE GREAT SCHISM
After Gregory’ death an Italian was elected Pope
A group of French cardinals declared the election invalid and chose a Frenchman as pope.
This split began what is known as the Great Schism of the Church
This lasted from 1378-1417 The French Pope lived in Avignon, the
Italian Pope lived in Rome The allies of France recognized the French pope
as the head of the Church France’s enemies, mainly England and her
allies, recognized the Italian Pope as head of the Church
Both popes attacked the other and label him as the Antichrist.
This back and forth pestering and name-calling led many people to lose faith in the Church’s authority
The Great Schism ended at a church council in 1417
By the early 1400s, the Church had lost much of its political power
The pope no longer had any hope of asserting supremacy over the state
The papacy and the Church had lost much of their spiritual authority
THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
1337-1453 Was fought between France and
England Began when the French King Philip VI
tried to invaded a small English territory in France
This caused King Edward III of England to declare war
The English was a few key battles at Crecy and Agincourt
When hope was all but lost, the French monarchy and military rallied behind a young woman named Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc was a deeply religious person who came to believe she had experienced visions from God
She persuaded the French king to allow her to accompany the army to Orleans Here, her faith inspired the French forces
and led to a victory
Seeing her as a threat and rallying point, the English captured Joan and she was turned over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft Joan was condemned as a heretic and
sentence to burn at the stake
Eventually the French won the war in 1453 with the help of a new weapon...the cannon
This was made possible by the invention of gunpowder
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