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Psychoanalytic TraditionSigmund Freud
Sigismund Freud
May 6, 1856
Freiberg, Moravia
theories often a product of the zeitgeist
The beginnings…
Victorian Era
behaving properly doing good works
sexuality was taboo
Freud
Victorian tendency to “split”
public self private and secret self
split = neurosis of the day
openly discussed sexuality offensive to many
Freud
Amalie Freud (Freud's mother) eight children Freud the oldest and her favourite Freud born out of wedlock? played a key role in Freudian theory
Meet the Parents
Jakob Freud (Freud's father) Jewish wool merchant Freud's views of his father were mixed Oedipus complex "sons unconsciously desire to kill their fathers" Freud's father was married three times
Meet the Parents
1881-1882 doctor of medicine research focus (neurology)
psychiatry to make a living and get married
1884-1885: experiments with cocaine 18 hour days, 24 Volumes of writing
Chronology
1886: Marries Martha Bernays
6 children (3 boys and 3 girls) one of which was Anna Freud
1887-1888 : interested in hypnotherapy
abandons in favor of ______________________
Chronology
1893-1894: with Josef Breuer
"father figure"
helped F get established
Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim)
Chronology
Anna - 2 years in therapy
hysterical neurosis
developed the TALKING CURE
by talking Anna's symptoms disappeared
Anna O.
origins of hysterical symptoms are in childhood sexual seduction
experiences are repressed
Seduction Hypothesis
1895: analyze one of his own dreams
Manifest Content
Latent Content
Chronology
Anna Freud born
1896: first use of term "psychoanalysis“
starts to develop neurotic symptoms
1897: begins his self-analysis
1900: Interpretation of Dreams published
Chronology
1906: Jung and Freud Correspond
1909: Journey to America
1913: Break with Jung
Chronology
1918: loses his entire fortune
1923: oral cancer are detected
smoking 20 cigars a day, 33 operations
in pain, continues to work
Chronology
1930: A heart attack
1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor Freud corresponds with Einstein
1938: anti-semitic persecution
Nazis burned Freud's books
Chronology
Sept. 23rd, 1939 dies
Freud’s Death
The ideas..
The man…
Reactions to Freud
Psychic Determinism Internal Structure Psychic Conflict Mental Energy
Tenets of Psychoanalysis
Psychic Determinism
Consciousness
Preconscious
Unconscious
sexuality and life instincts :
aggression and death instincts:
Types of Instincts
Brain v. Mind
Brain – physical organ
Mind – ID, EGO, SE
Internal Structure
Superego –
Ego –
ID –
Psychic Conflict
ID (translated as "the it")
uncivilized, selfish, illogical, impulsive, pleasure-seeking
at birth, the mind consists entirely of ID
works according to the ___________________________
The ID
the EGO (translated as the "I")
rational, realistic
reality principle =
The Ego
function of the EGO
balance between demands reality, the ID and Superego
Compromise Formation
moral, perfectionistic (unrealistically)
the superego (translated the "over I")
standards about what is right and wrong
irrationally demanding in its strive for moral perfection
superego consists of two parts: ego ideal and conscience
ego ideal -
conscience -
The Superego
conflict results in anxiety
realistic anxiety
neurotic anxiety
moral anxiety
To cope… we use defense mechanisms
Conflict
Psychic energy of mind is called Libido
Energy is finite
Energy must be vented
Mental Energy
Catharsis Hypothesis
Mental Energy
Libido invested in stages◦0ral◦Anal◦Phallic ◦Latency◦Genital
Stages of Psychosexual Development
Believed in moderation…
ProblemsUnderinvestmentOverinvestment
Results in FIXATION
Freud’s Theory
Erogenous zone: mouth, lips, and tongue
Quality of care giving an issue.
IDEAL: moderate care trust, given and receive, self-reliance
BAD: too little care BAD: too much care
Oral (0 to 18 months)
unhealthy development:
◦ oral passive personality
◦ oral aggressive
Oral Phase
control over anal sphincters
Parents play a key role in toilet training How this is handled is crucial…
IDEAL: Moderate praise
◦ healthy development: personal autonomy, independence, initiative without guilt
Anal : (18 months to 3 years)
children want to become independent.
“ME DO” – learns self-control
Learning the meaning of the word “NO”
“Terrible Twos”
Anal
BAD: too high expectations (too harsh) BAD: no expectations…. (too lenient)
unhealthy development:
◦ anal-retentive
Anal Stage
complicated and controversial stage
adjustments to opposite sex are made
Oedipus and Electra complex
Males and Females resolve this stage differently.
Superego develops by the end of this stage
Phallic (ages 3-6)
Inspired by Greek legend
Oedipus = “swollen foot”
King of Thebes (Oedipus) unconsciously kills father and marries mother
Little boys want to kill their fathers and sleep with their mothers
Can’t happen… so little boys identify with father
Oedipus Complex
“Penis envy”
“The Love Doctor” did not understand women
“What do women want”?
“The Dark Continent”
Electra Complex
Emerging sexual feelings during stage Emerging conscience
resolution dictates how you handle sexuality as an adult
Sexual uptight (rigid, guilt-prone, condemning) Sexually “loose” (phallic personality)
Bottom line…
Cooling off period no localization of libidinal energy sexual interests replaced by social ones
Sexual drive is “sublimated” to school, hobbies, friends and sports
Weakness of theory
Attraction can occur as early as the 4th grade before sexual maturity
Latency (ages 6-12)
marked by the development of emotional ties with member of the opposite sex
Focus outward, instead of inward
Learn to love and work = mental health
Genital (ages 12+)
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
Psychoanalytic
George Valliant
◦ Mature - sublimation◦ Neurotic – sexualization◦ Immature - regression◦ Narcissistic – distortion
◦ See Kaplan and Sadock
Different Categories
Two goals…
1) Gain insight (intellectual awareness)
2) Change behavior (move aware from repetitive compulsions)
How does this work in therapy?
Repression: Primary and Secondary
Primary -
Secondary -
Ego Defenses
Dissociation:
Ego Defenses
Identification:
Ego Defenses
Displacement:
Ego Defenses
Distortion:
Ego Defenses
Idealization-Devaluation:
Ego Defenses
Isolation of affect:
Ego Defenses
Passive-Aggressive:
Ego Defenses
Projection:
Ego Defenses
Splitting:
Ego Defenses
Projective Identification:
beliefs about another are translated into behavior that confirms the original belief
This requires an explanation…
Ego Defenses
Rationalization:
Ego Defenses
Reaction formation:
Ego Defenses
Regression:
Ego Defenses
Schizoid fantasy:
Ego Defenses
Sexualization:
Ego Defenses
Somatization:
Ego Defenses
Denial -
Ego Defenses
Omnipotence -
Ego Defenses
Sublimation:
Ego Defenses
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