[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]

1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]

Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:

2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]

3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]

4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]

5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]

6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]

1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]

Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:

2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]

4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]

6. [S John [VP' was killed]]

How does LFG capture

How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,

How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,

How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?

Answer: Don’t operate on the trees,but annotate them with relevant informationabout syntactic functions and semantic arguments.

forced

kindbe

forced

kindbe

believed

kindbe

forced

kindbe

believed

kindbe

forced

kindbe

believed

kindbe

killed

forced

kindbe

believed

kindbe

killed

’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET

XCOMPOBJ

forced

kindbe

believed

kindbe

killed

INFINF

XCOMPOBJ

PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’

forced

kindbe

believed

kindbe

killed

SUBJINF

XCOMPOBJ

TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’

PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’

forced

kindbe

believed

kindbe

killed

SUBJINF

XCOMPOBJ

TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’

KILL ‹OBLag SUBJ›’

BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’

The functional information in the annotations

is represented in a separate functional structure

(f-structure), in the form of an attribute-value graph:

SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom

TENSE pret

PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg

XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’

PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’

F-structure for I forced him to leave

TENSE pret

Describing parts of the structureby means of equations

TENSE pret

f1 (TENSE) = pret

TENSE pret

f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2

TENSE pret

f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nom

TENSE pret

f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom

TENSE pret

Alternative notation:

(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom

TENSE pret

(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)

TENSE pret

(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)

How to incorporatef-structure information

into a grammar

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

forced himVP'

to leave

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

Index the c-structure nodes

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)

Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

f3f4 (f3 OBJ)

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

V:4 NP:5

forced himVP':6

to leave(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)

(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3

The tree has done its job:Forget it.

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6

Collect the instantiated equationsinto an f-description

Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure

PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

Notice: The f-structure hasfewer levels than the c-structurebecause of the nodes annotatedwith =↓

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

The relation is called a projection relation.

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

The relation is called a projection relation.A set of nodes which project the same f-structureare said to constitute a functional domain.

A functional domain

Let us now move from

I forced him to leave

I believed him to leave

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

forced himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

All we need to change is the lexical entry:

S -> NP VP

VP -> V (NP) (VP')

believed: ( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

believed himVP'

to leave

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)

( XCOMP)

( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)

All we need to change is the lexical entry:

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

This leads to the following change in the f-structure:

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'

TENSE pret

XCOMP SUBJ

PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'

The only change is in the mapping between syntactic functionsand argument positions, as expressed in the value of PRED.The syntax as such is unchanged.

[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]

Documents

Forced Confession

Beam-beam amplitude detuning with forced oscillations · Beam-beam amplitude detuning with forced oscillations R. Tomás* and X. Buffat CERN, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland S. White

Forced Perspective

Forced Convection.docx

Forced Migration

Escaping Forced Gang Recruitment: Establishing … Forced Gang Recruitment: Establishing Eligibility for Asylum After Matter of S-E-G- Alexandra Grayner* After the Board of Immigration

forced convection · 2020. 10. 12. · 3 Floor convector with forced convection TKV-13 TKV-13 floor convectors with forced convection Forced convection floor convectors are designed

1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:

Forced induction

Vocabulary Week 12. Isolation To separate from other of the same kind; whether forced or by choice. Category: Geography

Combating Forced Labor and Labor Trafficking of Adults and ... · forced labor and forced labor indicators, integrate forced labor into labor monitoring systems, and strengthen the

Fear of Persecution: Forced Migration, 1952-1995 Author(s ...Keywords: forced migration; refugees; internally displaced persons This study explores the determinants of forced migration

JET NOISE MODELS FOR FORCED MIXER NOISE …lyrintzi/Thesis_Garrison.pdffor Forced Mixer Noise Predictions . Major Professor: Anastasios S. Lyrintzis and Gregory A. Blaisdell. The Four-Source

Improvement of gait and coordinated movement by forced ... · A, Tamai I, Takahashi H, Sonoda S. Improvement of gait and coordinated movement by forced gait training in cerebellar

Forced Degradation

On Caps of Kind s in a Galois R-dimensional Space

Forced Removal

It”s Kind of Fun

A New Kind of Science - S. Wolfram

Forced Oscillations