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Pay attention
Show that your are listening
Feedback(paraphrase/repeat)
Defer judgement
Respond appropriately
ACTIVE LISTENING
Determine a specific speech goal that is adapted to the audience
Gather and evaluate material for use in the speech
Organise and develop the material in a way that is best suited to the audience and the speech goal
PUBLIC SPEAKING( 5 ACTIVE STEPS)
Identify topics (Pick a Subject)
Analyse the audience◦ how knowledgeable your audience
members are in your subject areas◦ their initial level of interest in the subject◦ their attitude towards the subject◦ their attitude towards you as a speaker
1. Conduct a survey
2. Informally observe
3. Question a representative
4. Make Educated Guesses
Gathering Audience Data
Analyse the setting (Setting & occasion)- What are the special expectations for the speech?- What is the appropriate length for the speech?- How large will the audience be?- Where will the speech be given?- What equipment is necessary to give the
speech?
Select A TopicWrite A Speech Goal Identify your general Goal – either to
inform, entertain or to persuade. Phrase a specific goal statement
A specific goal or specific purpose of your speech is a single statement that identifies the exact response you want from the audience as a result of listening to the speaker
A specific goal statement for an informative speech usually specifies whether you want the audience to learn about understand or appreciate the topic.
Example - “I would like the audience to understand the five steps to baking a cake”
Persuasive speech specifies whether you want the audience to accept the belief that you are presenting
Example – “ I want my audience to believe that gay marriage is wrong”
Or to act in a certain wayExample – “I want my audience to donate to the Inner city missions”
Write a first draft
Revise the draft statement – ensure it has a specific form
Make sure it contains only one central idea
Create you notes from various materials and interviews
Get quotes, stories and statistics that would help explain your points clearly
Prepare note cards
Organise your speech : Organise & Develop speech material to meet the need of your particular audience
Active Step 3
Once you have analyzed the audience, developed your speech goal, and assembled body of information on your topic:
Determine the main points Write a thesis statement Outline the body of the speech Select and order supporting materials (examples, statistics, illustration, quotations) that elaborates or supports each of its main points
Prepare sectional transitions
List the ideas you have found that relate to your specific goal
Eliminate ideas that your audience analysis says that this audience already understands
Check to see if some of the ideas for which you do not have strong support in the sources you consulted
Determining The Main Points
Eliminate any ideas that might be too
complicated for this audience to comprehend
in the time you have to explain them.
From the ideas that remain select 3 to 5 that
are the most important for your audience to
understand if you are to accomplish your
specific speech goal.
A thesis statement is a sentence that
states the specific goal and the main
points of the speech
Writing A Thesis Statement
A speech outline is a sentence
representative, the hierarchical and
sequential relationship between the
ideas presented in the speech.
Outlining The Body of the speech
State the main points as a statement .
Rephrase it asking these questions. Does
the main point statement specify how it is
related to the goal
Are the main points parallel in structure?
Points are parallel when their wordings
follow the same structure pattern often
using the same introductory words
1. Time – or sequential order.
2. Topic order – [least important to most
important, general to specific].
3. Selecting and outlining supporting
material.
Select an organisational pattern
How well you move from one main point to
another.
Transition are words, phrases or sentences
that show the relationship between or
bridge to ideas.
Preparing action transition
Getting attentionStating the thesisEstablishing your credibilitySetting a toneCreating a bond of goodwill
Goals of the introduction
Startling statementRhetorical questionPersonal referenceQuotationStoriesSuspense
Methods of gaining attention
1. Summary of main points2. Leaving vivid impressions3. Story4. Appeal to action
Preparing conclusions
Select materials that demonstrate how the speech:
1. Is relevant to the audience2. Helps comprehension of information3. Establishes common ground between you and the
audience4. Enhances your credibility and credibility of the
material being presented5. Appropriate for audience initial attitude6. Culturally sensitive to diversity in the audience
Adapting to your audience verbally
Orient the audience Define key terms Illustrate new concepts with vivid examples Personalize information Compare unknown ideas with familiar ones Use multiple methods for developing criteria
Information comprehension
This is the background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences and philosophies that are shared by audience members and the speaker.
1. Use personal pronouns2. Ask rhetorical questions3. Draw from common experiences
Common ground
Demonstrate knowledge and expertise Establish trustworthiness Display personableness-the extent to which
you project an agreeable or pleasing personality
Speaker credibility
These are predispositions for or against a topic, usually expressed as an opinion.
Language and cultural differences1. Overcome linguistic problems2. Choose culturally sensitive material
Initial audience attitudes
A visual aid is a form of speech development that allows the audience to see as well as hear information.
Adapting to audiences visually
1. Objects2. Models3. Still photographs4. Slides5. Film and video clips6. Simple drawings7. Maps8. Charts- word chart, flow chart9. Graphs-bar graph, line graph, pie graph
Types of Visual Aids
Computer-mediated presentations Overhead transparencies Flip charts Poster boards Chalkboards Handouts
Methods for displaying visual aids
What are the most important ideas the audience needs to understand and remember?
Are there ideas that are complex or difficult to explain verbally but would be easy for members to understand visually?
How many visual aids are appropriate? How large is the audience Is necessary equipment readily available? Is the time involved in making or getting the
visual aid and/or equipment cost effective?
Criteria for choosing visual aids
Use a print or type size that can be seen easily by your entire audience
Use a typeface that is easy to read and pleasing to the eye
Use upper and lower case type Limit the lines of type to six or less Include only items of information that you will
emphasize in your speech. Make sure information is laid out in a way that is
aesthetically pleasing Add pictures or clip art where appropriate to add
interest Use colour strategically
Principles for designing effective visual aids
This is a type of communication anxiety(or nervousness), the level of fear you experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience
Public speaking Apprehension
Symptoms include physical, emotional, and cognitive reactions
Physical signs maybe 1. stomach upset(or butterflies)2. Flushed skin3. Sweating4. Shaking5. Light-headedness6. Rapid or heavy heartbeats7. Verbal disfluencies e.g stuttering and vocalised pauses
Symptoms and causes
Anticipation reaction; is the level of anxiety you experience prior to giving the speech.
Confrontation reaction; is the surge in your anxiety level as you begin the speech
Adaptation reaction; is the gradual decline of your anxiety level
Cognitive reaction
Recognise that despite your apprehension, you can make it through your speech
Realize that listeners may not perceive that you are anxious or nervous
Understand that with careful preparation and rehearsal, apprehension will decrease
Managing your apprehension
Visualization(see yourself in front of the audience giving the speech)
Systematic desensitization is a
method that reduces apprehension by gradually having you visualize increasingly more frightening events.
Public speaking skills training (practice,practice,practice)
Techniques for reducing apprehension
This is an informal style of presenting a speech so that your audience feel you are talking with them, not at them
Conversational style
Helps audience concentrate on the speech Increases the audience’s confidence in you Helps in gaining insight into the audience’s
reaction to the speech
Importance of maintaining eye contact
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