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41
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
MORPHOLOGY OF SOME TADPOLES IN KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY, KHON
KAEN PROVINCE
1/,2/ 1/,* 3/ 4/,1/
Supatcharee Aran1/,2/, Chantip Chuaynkern1/, Sutee Duengjai3/ & Yodchaiy Chuaynkern4/,1/
ABSTRACT
The study comprised morphological characters of five tadpole species in KhonKaen University
namelyMicrohylaheymonsi,Glyphoglossusmolossus,Duttaphrynusmelanostictus,Polypedatesleucomystaxa
nd Hoplobatrachusrugulosus. Nineteen external morphological characters and the oral apparatus were
measured, described, and compared. Based on mouth part characters the species could be divided into 2
groups:The first group consisted of tadpoles lacking keratinized mouth parts such asMicrohylaheymonsi
and Glyphoglossusmolossus. Their distinctive characters are pustules and short papillae. The second group,
contained tadpoles with keratinized mouth parts such
asDuttaphrynusmelanostictus,Polypedatesleucomystaxand Hoplobatrachusrugulosus. The distinctive
characteristics of this group were pustules and short papillae in the buccal cavity. The second group was
composted of the tadpole with keratinized mouth part such as Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Polypedates
leucomystax and Hoplobatrachus rugulosus. They had keratodont and row formulae (KRF) were 2(2)/3,
4(3)/3 and 5(3-5)/5(1-3) respectively. The distinctive characteristics of this group were long and branch
papillae in the buccal cavity. There were several important characteristics used to classify species of
tadpole. They composed of size, shape, colour, striped of body, position of spiracle, position of mouth,
keratodont row formula and papillae in buccal cavity. The study on morphological characteristics in this
research was used as taxonomic and basic data of tadpole in Khon Kaen University.
Keywords: oral apparatus, buccal cavity, tadpole, morphology, keratodont row formula 1/ . . 40002 2/ . . 40002 3/ 10900 4/
. . . 12120
* Coresponding author: ichant@kku.ac.th
42
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
5
(Microhyla heymonsi) (Glyphoglossus molossus) (Duttaphrynus
melanostictus) (Polypedates leucomystax) (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)
19
2
2(2)/3 4(3)/3
5(3-5)/5(1-3)
46 1-19 20
(Order Anura)
( ,
2546)
Smith (1916) 5
Bufo parvus, Calluealla pulchra, Microhyla achatina, M. pulchra, Rana nigrovittata
43
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
Smith (1917)
Bufo melanostictus, M. hasseltii, Megalophrys montana, M. pelodytoides, Rana kuhlii, R. rugulosa,
R. cancrivora, R. limnocharis, R. macrodactyla, R. lateralis, R. erythraea, Rhacophorus leucomystax,
Microhyla ornata, M. butleri, Glyphoglossus molossus, Calluealla guttulata . . 1962 Taylor
(1962)
71 . . 1957-1958 . . 1959-1960
Wassersug (1988)
(Theloderma stellatum)
(Philautus sp.) Stuart et
al., 2006; Inthara et al., 2005, 2009; Ohler et al., 2011)
5,500 70
. . 2554
36-38 ( 10 )
(
)
(Field number, SA)
5 36-38
10% 70%
1:1 (staging) Gosner (1960)
44
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
16 ( 1A, B)
(
)
Altig and McDiarmid (1999) Grosjean (2001, 2006)
(2543) (2548)
(Keratodont row formula; KRF) ( 1)
45
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
1 (A), (B) (C)
. . 2554
4 5 Bufonidae (Duttaphrynus
melanostictus) Microhylidae (Microhyla heymonsi)
(Glyphoglossus molossus) Dicroglossidae (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)
Rhacophoridae (Polypedates leucomystax) 1
5
46
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
(Duttaphrynus melanostictus)
( 2-6)
. – SA 016-030, 15
.( 37) – (7.50-8.93
)
(rimmed)
(10.65-12.12 )
(obtuse) ( 2 3)
. – 3 1)
(papillae) 2) (beak horny jaw sheath) 3) (denticle)
(anteroventral mouth)
1-2
2 (gap)
3
2(2)/3 ( 4)
(Buccal floor) (prelingual area)
(prelingual papillae) 1-2
(tongue anlage) 3-4
(buccal floor area) (buccal floor arena papillae)
10-15 5-10 (buccal
pocket) (ventral velum)
( 5)
(Buccal roof) (prenarial arena)
(prenarial ridge)
(choanae) (median
ridge) 2 (buccal roof
area)
47
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
(buccal roof area papillae) 9-10
(posterolateral ridge)
(glandular zone) ( 6)
. –
300-
400
2 SA 039
48
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
3 SA 039 37 (
) 5
4 SA 039 37 1
49
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
5 37 SA 039 (A) lower beak (B)
prelingual ridge (C) tongue anlage (D) buccal pocket (E) buccal floor arena (BFA) (F) BFA papilla
(G) ventral velum
6 37 SA 039 (A) upper beak
(B) prenarial ridge (C) choana (D) lateral papilla (E) median ridge (F) buccal roof arena (BRA) (G)
posterolateral ridge
50
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
(Microhyla heymonsi)
( 7-10)
. – SA 001-018, 18
. – 37 5.97-6.69
(bulging)
12.66-13.45
(acuminate) ( 7) . –
3 1) (papillae) 2) (beak horny jaw sheath)
3) (denticle)
(papillae)
(jaw sheaths)
(keratodont tooth row) ( 8) (Buccal floor) (prelingual area)
(buccal floor area)
(prelingual papillae) 1-2 (tongue anlage)
(buccal floor area)
(ventral velum)
( 9) (Buccal roof) (prenarial arena)
(prenarial ridge)
3-4 (choanae)
(median ridge) (buccal roof area)
(posterolateral ridge)
(glandular zone) 2 ( 10)
51
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
. – SC3
7 SA 008 37 (
) 1
52
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
8 SA 008 37 1
9 37 SA 008 (A) lower lip (B) lateral
ridge papilla (C) prelingual papilla (D) tongue anlage (E) buccal floor arena (BFA) (F) BFA papilla (G)
ventral velum (H) median notch
53
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
10 37 SA 008 (A) upper lip (B) lateral
ridge papilla (C) choana (D) buccal roof arena (BRA) (E) BFA papilla (F) posterolateral ridge
(G) glandular zone
(Glyphoglossus molossus)
( 11-15)
. – SA 016-030, 15
. – 37 9.44-10.00
(stut shape)
3
21.47-24.01
(acute) ( 11 12) . – (terminal
mount)
( 13)
54
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
(Buccal floor) (prelingual area)
(tongue anlage)
(buccal floor area)
(buccal floor area papillae) 2
(buccal pocket) (ventral velum)
( 14)
(Buccal roof) (prenarial arena) (prenarial
ridge) 2-3
(choanae) (median ridge)
(buccal roof area)
(buccal roof area papillae)
(posterolateral ridge)
2-4 (glandular zone) 2 ( 15)
. –
100-200
45
11 SA 023
55
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
12 SA 023 37 (
) 5
56
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
13 SA 023 37 1
14 37 SA 023 (A) lower beak (B)
tongue anlage (C) buccal pocket (D) buccal floor arena (BFA) (E) BFA papilla (F) ventral velum
57
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
15 37 SA 023 (A) upper beak (B)
prenarial ridge (C) choana (D) buccal roof arena (BRA) (E) posterolateral ridge (F) BFA papilla (G)
glandular zone
(Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)
( 16-20)
. – SA 061-075, 15
. – 37 15.99-17.18
(dorsolateral)
(posterodorsal)
26.64-27.65
(acute) ( 16 17)
. – 3 1)
(papillae) 2) (beak horny jaw sheath) 3) (denticle)
58
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
5 2
3 3 5 (Gap)
2
3 1 3
(M shape)
(serration)
5(3-5)/5(1-3) ( 18)
(Buccal floor) (prelingual area)
(prelingual papillae)
1-2 (tongue anlage) 2
(buccal floor area)
(buccal floor area papillae) 5-10 (buccal
pocket) (ventral velum)
( 19)
(Buccal roof) (prenarial arena)
(prenarial ridge) (choanae)
1-2 (prenarial papillae) (lateral ridge papillae)
2-3 (median ridge)
(buccal roof area)
(buccal roof area papillae)
(posterolateral
ridge) (glandular zone) ( 20)
. –
59
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
16 SA 070
17 SA 070 37 (
) 5
60
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
18 SA 070 37 37 1
19 37 SA 070 (A) lower beak (B) prelingual
papilla (C) tongue anlage (D) baccal floor papilla (E) baccal pocket (F) buccal floor arena (BFA) (G)
ventral velum
61
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
20 37 SA 070 (A) upper beak (B) prenarial
ridge (C) prenarial papilla (D) lateral ridge papilla (E) median ridge (F) choana (G) buccal roof arena
(BRA) (H) posterolateral ridge
(Polypedates leucomystax)
( 21-25)
. – SA 046-060, 15
. – 37 14.32-15.48
(dorsolateral)
27.47-34.47
(acuminate) ( 21
22) . – 3 1)
(papillae) 2) (beak horny jaw sheath) 3) (denticle)
62
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
2-3
4 3 (gap)
3
(serration) 4(3)/3 (
23)
(Buccal floor) (prelingual area)
(prelingual papillae) 3-4 (tongue anlage)
2-4 (buccal floor area)
(buccal floor area papillae)
(buccal pocket)
(prepocket papillae) (ventral velum) (median notch)
( 24)
(Buccal roof) (prenarial arena)
(prenarial ridge)
1-2 (choanae) (lateral ridge papillae)
2-3 (median ridge)
(buccal roof area)
(buccal roof area papillae)
(posterolateral ridge) (glandular zone)
(dorsal velum) ( 25)
. – SC3
63
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
21 SA 051
22 SA 051 37 (
) 5
64
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
23 SA 051 37 1
24 37 SA 051 (A) lower beak (B)
prelingual papilla (C) tongue anlage (D) BFA papilla (E) prepocket papilla (F) baccal pocket (G) buccal
floor arena (BFA) (H) ventral velum (I) median notch
65
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
25 37 SA 051 (A) upper beak (B)
prenarial arena (C) prenarial ridge (D) lateral ridge papilla (E) median ridge (F) choana (G) buccal roof
arena (BRA) (H) posterolateral ridge
5
3 1)
(Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)
(Polypedates leucomystax) (SVL) 15.99-17.18 14.32-15.48 2)
(Glyphoglossus molossus) 9.44-
10.00 3) (Duttaphrynus melanostictus)
(Microhyla heymonsi) 7.50-8.93 5.97-6.69
4 (Bufonidae)
(Microhylidae) (Dicroglossidae) (Rhacophoridae)
2
1) (midventral spiracle)
(bulging)
66
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
(acuminate)
(stut shape)
(acute)
2) (lateral spiracle)
(obtuse)
(mouth part) 5
2
1) (lack keratinized mouth part)
2-3
2) (keratinized mouth part)
3 (papillae) (beak horny
jaw sheath) (denticle) 37
(keratodont row formula) 2(2)/3 4(3)/3 5(3-5)/5(1-3) 3
3
1) (dorsal mouth)
2) (anteroventral mouth)
67
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
(papillae) (beak horny jaw sheath)
(denticle)
(predator)
3) (terminal mouth)
4
(2548)
(Microhylidae) (midventral
spiracle) (lateral
spiracle)
4 5
(Keratodont row formula)
Leong & Chou
(1999), Shimizu & Ota (2003), Inthara et al. (2005) Meewattana (2005)
2 (lack keratinized mouth part)
(2543)
68
19 1 . . 2555 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.19 No.1 2012
(keratinized mouth part)
37 2(2)/3 4(3)/3 5(3-5)/5(1-3)
4(3)/4(2) 4(2-4)/3(1)
(Porter, 1972; Inger, 1954)
37-40
40
(Gosner, 1960)
Wassersug (1976 a,b)
69
1
9 1
.
. 255
5
Jour
nal o
f Wild
life i
n Th
ailan
d Vo
l.19
No.
1 20
12
1
Mea
n(m
m.)±
SD
5
3
6-38
Spec
ies
Stag
e n
Mea
n(m
m.)±
SD
SS
SU
SVL
TAL
TL
UF
LF
HT
BH
BW
1. M
. hem
aons
i
36
5 3.
17±0
.51
5.55
±0.9
3 5.
91±0
.39
11.1
9±1.
38
16.6
0±1.
48
0.92
±0.1
8 1.
17±0
.19
2.87
±0.4
8 3.
30±0
.34
3.29
±0.3
5
37
5 5.
03±1
.07
5.94
±1.1
0 6.
40±0
.30
13.0
4±0.
39
19.1
2±0.
62
0.90
±0.0
7 1.
31±0
.01
2.88
±0.1
4 19
.00±
0.30
3.
69±0
.22
38
5 3.
61±0
.27
5.82
±1.2
9 6.
64±0
.43
10.7
9±0.
86
16.7
5±1.
37
0.87
±0.1
0 1.
12±0
.20
2.81
±0.5
7 3.
23±0
.28
3.50
±0.5
4
2. G
. mol
ossu
s
36
5 5.
51±0
.33
7.74
±0.5
0 9.
55±0
.32
22.7
8±0.
43
31.5
1±1.
33
0.94
±0.2
1 1.
90±0
.13
5.31
±0.5
9 4.
22±0
.35
4.73
±0.3
1
37
5 6.
35±0
.28
9.27
±0.5
3 9.
74±0
.25
22.7
8±0.
99
31.4
9±1.
06
1.13
±0.1
9 1.
91±0
.10
5.30
±0.3
3 4.
50±0
.21
4.79
±0.4
8
38
5 6.
70±0
.52
9.69
±0.4
0 11
.21±
0.68
24
.31±
1.39
33
.90±
1.19
1.
14±0
.18
2.12
±0.1
7 5.
10±0
.54
4.70
±0.4
3 4.
92±0
.28
3. D
.mela
nosti
ctus
36
5 4.
90±0
.19
7.89
±0.3
4 8.
06±0
.27
10.7
1±1.
38
17.8
1±0.
79
1.42
±0.0
7 1.
42±0
.07
3.72
±0.3
5 4.
11±0
.18
4.24
±0.3
1
37
5 5.
15±0
.32
7.74
±0.4
1 7.
88±0
.39
10.9
3±0.
68
18.2
0±0.
74
1.27
±0.2
3 1.
27±0
.23
3.45
±0.1
7 3.
64±0
.32
3.95
±0.1
4
38
5 8.
86±0
.28
13.2
3±0.
45
13.4
6±0.
35
18.1
9±0.
94
31.5
2±0.
55
2.38
±0.1
2 2.
38±0
.12
5.94
±0.3
2 6.
55±0
.14
7.30
±0.4
9
4. P
. leu
comy
stax
36
5 7.
22 ±
0.30
12
.43±
0.66
14
.26±
0.32
27
.83±
1.17
41
.63±
1.40
2.
55±0
.10
2.50
±0.2
7 8.
30±0
.65
6.11
±0.2
2 6.
46±0
.24
37
5 8.
07±0
.38
13.0
6±0.
83
14.9
3±0.
42
30.0
4±2.
74
43.6
5±2.
92
2.22
±0.5
1 2.
02±0
.47
8.14
±0.8
6 6.
12±0
.45
6.58
±0.8
2
38
5 8.
08±0
.39
13.3
6±0.
76
15.7
1±0.
58
29.2
6±1.
60
44.6
8±2.
65
2.71
±0.2
7 2.
60±0
.35
8.62
±0.7
5 6.
34±0
.19
7.08
±0.3
1
5. H
. rug
ulos
us
36
5 9.
01±0
.34
13.9
4±0.
68
14.7
8±0.
71
22.2
8±1.
88
35.9
2±2.
55
2.28
±0.1
8 1.
85±0
.45
7.36
±0.4
8 5.
85±1
.05
7.14
±0.4
0
37
5 10
.74±
0.46
15
.35±
0.72
16
.60±
0.51
27
.14±
0.45
42
.62±
0.64
3.
13±0
.18
2.56
±0.2
2 8.
10±0
.79
6.25
±0.3
4 7.
77±0
.43
38
5 9.
71±1
.77
15.1
6±1.
71
16.5
6±1.
06
26.9
3±0.
97
43.1
3±1.
04
2.99
±0.2
4 2.
28±0
.33
8.07
±0.7
4 6.
59±0
.40
6.95
±2.3
5
70
1
9 1
.
. 255
5
Jour
nal o
f Wild
life i
n Th
ailan
d Vo
l.19
No.
1 20
12
1 (
)
Spec
ies
Stag
e n
Mea
n(m
m.)±
SD
BL
TMH
TM
W
PP
NN
RN
NP
ED
ODW
1. M
. hem
aons
i
36
5 5.
55±0
.54
7.56
±0.2
0 1.
59±0
.25
2.90
±0.2
2 0.
65±0
.05
0.60
±0.0
3 1.
30±0
.08
1.00
±0.0
3 1.
46±0
.28
37
5 6.
30±0
.19
1.47
±0.2
1 1.
48±0
.14
3.42
±0.3
4 0.
60±0
.19
0.65
±0.0
1 1.
35±0
.06
1.02
±0.0
3 2.
00±0
.26
38
5 5.
99±0
.48
1.53
±0.3
3 1.
39±0
.23
3.06
±0.2
1 0.
65±0
.01
0.63
±0.0
3 1.
43±0
.12
0.99
±0.0
3 1.
54±0
.19
2. G
. mol
ossu
s
36
5 8.
85±0
.30
2.68
±0.1
8 2.
16±0
.14
4.89
±0.2
5 0.
89±0
.10
1.36
±0.2
5 2.
61±0
.12
1.13
±0.1
4 2.
41±0
.37
37
5 9.
24±0
.31
2.85
±0.2
0 2.
12±0
.16
5.07
±0.3
7 1.
20±0
.43
1.81
±0.2
3 3.
28±0
.42
1.22
±0.1
4 2.
63±0
.12
38
5 9.
95±0
.50
2.72
±0.5
0 2.
12±0
.40
5.34
±0.2
8 1.
33±0
.25
1.61
±0.2
8 3.
15±0
.36
1.32
±0.1
8 2.
99±0
.27
3. D
.mela
nosti
ctus
36
5 6.
99±1
.47
1.46
±0.1
2 0.
87±0
.16
2.36
±0.1
0 1.
15±0
.26
1.71
±0.4
0 1.
19±0
.21
1.12
±0.0
1 2.
31±0
.09
37
5 7.
46±0
.47
1.25
±0.1
4 0.
87±0
.04
2.28
±0.1
5 1.
06±0
.12
1.78
±0.1
8 1.
49±0
.40
1.13
±0.0
1 2.
27±0
.20
38
5 12
.87±
0.47
2.
46±0
.08
1.52
±0.0
8 4.
01±0
.07
1.95
±0.3
4 2.
96±0
.47
2.06
±0.0
8 1.
88±0
.01
4.01
±0.1
5
4. P
. leu
comy
stax
36
5 13
.76±
0.39
4.
56±0
.58
3.13
±0.4
9 6.
86±0
.44
2.72
±0.2
2 2.
45±0
.15
3.78
±0.2
4 2.
06±0
.07
3.28
±0.2
6
37
5 13
.88±
0.54
4.
38±0
.21
3.14
±0.4
0 7.
05±0
.27
2.76
±0.2
9 2.
35±0
.17
3.51
±0.1
5 2.
15±0
.12
3.80
±0.0
8
38
5 14
.16±
0.37
4.
79±0
.60
3.69
±0.1
9 7.
53±0
.27
2.94
±0.4
7 2.
54±0
.26
4.04
±0.3
4 2.
26±0
.26
3.44
±0.5
0
5. H
. rug
ulos
us
36
5 13
.33±
0.59
3.
45±0
.33
3.04
±0.5
0 4.
44±0
.09
1.76
±0.4
3 2.
81±0
.14
2.43
±0.2
9 2.
23±0
.15
3.00
±0.6
0
37
5 15
.55±
0.54
3.
88±0
.25
3.19
±0.4
7 4.
77±0
.18
2.10
±0.3
0 3.
47±0
.26
2.49
±0.1
9 2.
38±0
.12
4.60
±0.5
3
38
5 16
.21±
0.68
4.
19±0
.21
3.69
±0.3
6 4.
91±0
.22
2.02
±0.2
4 3.
21±0
.16
2.36
±0.1
4 2.
38±0
.08
4.50
±0.2
6
71
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