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The Beginnings No peace conference at end of WWII Unconditional surrender and occupation War trials set new precedent in international
law Toll of the war
◦ 60 million dead; millions more brutalized◦ Fighting ranged from Africa to Asia to Europe to
Australia
National Boundaries After WWII
A divided Germany and divided Berlin◦ Berlin Blockade◦ Berlin Airlift
Soviet annexation of Eastern European countries
The “Iron Curtain” Churchill’s 1946
speech on a de facto division into Communist East and Capitalist West
Bitter division of hostile ideologies
Stalin saw this as a call for war
International Organizations United Nations replaces defunct League of Nations IMF: International Monetary Fund
◦ Part of U.N. since 1944 to help promote global economic health
World Bank◦ International financial institution that provides loans to
developing countries◦ Goal is the reduction of poverty
United Nations Responsibility of settling postwar problems fell to
the UN Led by 5 Allied victors: US, USSR, GB, FR, and
China Unlike League of Nations (post-WWI), had
military personnel and stronger executive UN has 3 responses to military aggression
◦ Diplomatic protest and pressure◦ Economic sanctions◦ Collective military action
Has many agencies that also deal with human rights, disease, poverty, hunger, environmental pollution
6 Parts of U.N. General Assembly
◦ Resolutions on world issues, makes budgetary decisions◦ Elected president, one nation one vote
Security Council◦ Charged with international peace and security:
peacekeeping operations, international sanctions, military force
◦ 5 permanent members, 10 others rotate on 2 yr. terms Secretariat
◦ Executive body, Secretary General (Ban Ki-Moon) Economic and Social Council
◦ Help solve poverty, hunger and disease International Court of Justice
◦ Disputes between nations
After WWI, Ottoman Empire’s lands were administered by the League of Nations through British and French Mandates
Balfour Declaration and migration
Holocaust U.N. passed a resolution to
create a Jewish state, an Arab state and international city of Jerusalem when mandate ended
The Creation of Israel
1947 Civil War 1948 Arab-Israeli War
◦ Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq attack Israel
◦ Israel wins, gaining some land from the Arab state
US-Soviet Ascendancy France and China devastated by the fighting GB crippled economically and losing parts of
empire US
◦ Built up gigantic military and industrial response◦ Possession of A-bomb◦ Smaller losses
Soviet Union◦ Suffered traumatizing losses but remained great
military power and participated in UN, War Crimes Tribunal, and established hegemony in Eastern Europe
SEATO◦ Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization◦ To stem Communist
aggression in the East◦ US, GB, France, Pakistan,
Philippines, Australia, New Zealand
CENTO◦ Central Treaty
Organization◦ Formed to prevent Soviet
influence in the Middle East
◦ Included Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, GB, and the US
Russia: a recap Was behind Western Europe economically
and technologically Losses in Russo-Japanese War and
Revolution of 1905 weakened ability to fight and strength of autocracy
1917 Revolution Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918-1921 Civil War: Reds v. Whites Lenin’s NEP Joseph Stalin and 5-Year Plans Great Purges of the 1930s
Soviet Perspective Soviet Union fought to control countries on
its western frontier De facto division of capitalist West and
communist East…with Germany in the middle (Iron Curtain)
1949: USSR tests own nuclear device US and USSR compete for political influence
throughout the world until it ends with collapse of Soviet Union in 1991
Soviets After Stalin Khrushchev (1953? To
1964): de-Stalinization, encouraged more freedom of speech
Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis
Brezhnev (1964-1982): more restrictive of dissidents and freedom of expression; industrial growth declined w/ no incentives and a quota system
Gorbachev (1985-1991): perestroika (restructuring into a market economy w/ some free-enterprise and private property); glasnost (openness of discussing strengths and weaknesses of Soviet system); other parties and elections
U.S. Perspective Containment
◦ The need to keep Communism contained to where it was located and NOT allow it to expand
Domino Theory◦ Concept that if one
country falls to Communism, others will fall
Truman Doctrine◦ Truman’s vow to help aid
any countries under threat of Communism (economically, politically, militarily)
Marshall Plan◦ European Recovery
Program◦ Gave $13 billion in aid to
rebuild Europe
Cold War competition: arms race, space race, fight for aligned nations and promotion of ideology
Cold War turned HOT? Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Berlin Crisis, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Soviet war in Afghanistan, Non-aligned nations (India)
Normalizing relations with China Détente beginning in 1970s and M.A.D.
Progression of Cold War
Features of Cold War competition Technological
◦ Arms race◦ Space race
Geopolitical◦ Vie for influence in developing nations of Asia and
Africa◦ Korean War◦ Vietnam War◦ Afghanistan◦ Angola
Ideological (the Cold War dichotomy)◦ Capitalism v. Communism presented to world as 2
choices for political organization
By mid-1950’s Soviet and Chinese relationship sours in interpretation of Marxism (Sino-Soviet Dispute)
China encouraged non-aligned nations of developing countries◦ India and Indonesia◦ Meeting 1955 in Indonesia◦ Hoped to counteract Soviet diplomacy◦ Aid flowed to African and Asian nations
US normalized relations with China in 1970’s
Tri-polar feel as of 1970’s as China had own nuclear weapons and space program by then
Nationalism in the Soviet Republic… Yeltsin (1991-1999):
economic reform against inequality and corruption; Chechnya
Putin (2000-2008): return of order, stability and progress at expense of liberties
TODAY:◦ Medvedev then a return to
Putin◦ Changes too much, too fast??◦ Major problems with corruption
and an unstable economy
Eastern Europe Economic hardships
and lack of liberty leads to dissent with Soviet Union
Did have rise in education and urban-working class
1956: student protest in Hungary crushed
1960s: Czechoslovakia’s Prague Spring
Lech Walesa and Solidarity in Poland
1989: reunification of Germany
Eastern European countries join NATO/EU
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia in 1990: Milosevic on trial in International War Crimes Tribunal
Social Changes in Soviet Union Standard of living not on par with West but did
improve slightly Did not develop classless society, but traditional
ruling classes lost status Did develop though a new privileged class of
Communist Party officials, military, secret police, etc.
Education◦ Quotas◦ Social mobility improved◦ Focus
Women
China pre-WWII
Revolution of 1911: Nationalist gov’t only nominally in control
Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi) leads Republic of China in 1924
1921 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) est.◦ Initially RofC works with CCP, but turns on them in
1927◦ Unified against Japanese attacks in 1931 and
1937
1945: negotiations break down into civil war
CCP and GMD fought until communists win in 1949 under Mao Zedong (Nationalists flee to Taiwan)
Changes under Mao◦ Economic: businesses nationalized,
land distributed to peasants, urged to pool land and form cooperative farms
◦ Political: one-party totalitarian state, Communist party supreme, gov’t attacked crime and corruption
China post-WWII
◦ Social: peasants speak “bitterness” against landlords, Communist ideology replaced Confucian ideals, health care workers to remote areas, women won equality?, extended family weakened
Great Leap Forward in 1950s◦ All life a collective: commune life, backyard
steel furnaces◦ FAILURE: production tanked and bad weather
of 50s and 60s killed 16-30 million
Cultural Revolution of 1960s◦ Instituted reforms to erase any Western-
influenced intelligentsia/elite◦ “Cultural retraining” and forced egalitarianism◦ Group of teenagers (Red Guards) destroyed
temples, cities and closed schools◦ Military suppressed the anarchy, but cost
country loss of entire generation of educated people
1976: Deng Xiaoping ◦ Four Modernizations
(industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense)
◦ Foreign investment increased and student study abroad
◦ Economy booms with these capitalist reforms, but left out democratic reform
1989 Tiananmen Square
China’s Changing Culture Post 1911 Western syncretism Socialist realism: Communist use as
indoctrination tool Cultural Revolution sees backlash against
traditional culture Revival of traditional and Western
influences after Mao’s death Changes of the 1980s Religious beliefs and practices
Women of Russian and Chinese Revolutions
Russia◦ Served in Red Army◦ 65% of factory workers were women◦ Gov’t ordered equal pay (not enforced); did not
incl. equality in government◦ Maternity leave w/ full pay◦ Women entered professions; still had domestic
obligations China
◦ New marriage law forbade arranged marriage◦ Women worked with men in factories◦ State-run nurseries◦ Party leadership remained male◦ Efforts made to end foot-binding
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