Motivation Drives Emotion Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Motivation Drives Emotion Stress

EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

True or False?T/F Getting away from it all by going on a vacation from all sensory input for a

few hours is relaxing.

T/F People feel hunger due to contractions in the stomach.

T/F Fashion magazines can contribute to eating disorders among women.

T/F Money can’t buy you happiness.

T/F You may be able to fool a lie detector by squiggling your toes.

T/F Vacations can be stressful.

T/F Type A people achieve more than Type B people, but they are less satisfied with themselves.

T/F Humor helps us cope with stress.

Motivation Instinct: Inborn behavior that is

characteristic of an entire species. Drive: A state of tension or arousal

brought on by biological needs. Drive-Reduction Theory: Motivated

behavior is aimed at reducing a drive.

MotivationPrimary Drive: A physiologically based unlearned

motive, such as hunger.Homeostasis: A state of balance and stability in

which the organism functions effectively.

MotivationIntrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a

behavior that originates within the individual.

Extrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.

Hunger

The hypothalamus contains:Hunger center: Stimulates eating.Satiety center: Stops eating.A fall in the glucose level stimulates neurons in

the hunger center and inhibits neurons in the satiety center.

Leptin may play a role in obesity.

Sex: Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson) Excitement: Penile erection (males) and swelling of breasts

and clitoris (females). Plateau: Sexual tension levels off. Orgasm: Male ejaculation and female uterine contractions;

a loss of muscle control for both sexes. Resolution: Relaxation and a decrease in muscle tension.

HormonesHormones play an important role in the

development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Pheromones may influence sexual attraction in humans.

Need for ContactHarlow’s monkeys demonstrated the importance

of contact and affection.

Learned Motives

AggressionAchievementPower Affiliation

HumanismCreator: Abraham Maslow

Postulates of Humanistic Psychology: Human beings cannot be reduced to components. Human beings have in them a uniquely human context. Human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of

other people. Human beings have choices and responsibilities. Human beings are intentional (Meaning/Value/Creativity).

Yerkes-Dodson Law There is an optimal level of arousal for the best

performance of any task: Easy tasks--relatively high Difficult tasks--low arousal Other tasks--moderate level

Emotion

James-Lange Cannon-Bard Cognitive Facial Feedback

James Lang

physio. changesstimulus

emotion

cerebral cortex

Cannon-Bard

stimulus

cerebral cortex

physio. reactions

emotion

Cognitive

stimulus

environ-mental cues

physio. reaction

s

cerebral

cortex

emotion

Facial Feedback TheoryEmotion is the experience of

changes in our facial muscles.

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

Facial expressionsBody languagePersonal distanceExplicit acts

Sources of StressChangeHasslesPressureFrustrationConflictSelf-imposed stress

5 Sources of Frustration in American Life

DelaysLack of resourcesLossesFailureDiscrimination

Conflict

The simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals.

Dealing with Stress Direct coping: Action taken to change an uncomfortable

situation.

Defensive coping: Convincing yourself

that you are not really threatened or do

not really want something that is

unattainable.

Types of Direct CopingConfrontation: • Acknowledging a stressful situation directly and

attempting to find a solution to the problem.

Compromise: • Choosing a more realistic goal when an ideal goal

cannot be met.

Withdrawal: • Avoiding a situation when other options are not

practical.

Coronary Heart DiseaseMental stress predisposes one to CHD.Personality also plays an important role.

Type A behavior: Respond to life events with impatience, hostility, competitiveness, urgency, and constant striving.

Stress & the Immune SystemStress can lead to: Colds or flu Depression Greater susceptibility to upper respiratory infections Increased vulnerability to cancer

Sources of Extreme StressUnemploymentDivorce and separationBereavementCatastrophesCombat and other personal attacks

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder A psychological disorder characterized by episodes of

anxiety, sleeplessness, and nightmares resulting from some disturbing event in the past.

Occurs in soldiers, rape victims, victims of disasters.