{ Hydrosphere. H2O molecule Hooray for Polarity!!!! Polarity= Having a positively and a negatively...

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Hydrosphere

H2O molecule

Hooray for Polarity!!!!

Polarity= Having a positively and a negatively charged end.

Everything!. This interaction is call "Hydrogen Bonding". It is a type of weak electrostatic attraction (positive to negative). Because each and every one of the water molecules can form four Hydrogen Bonds, an elaborate network of molecules is formed.

What does the polarization have to do with the properties of water?

H2O properties

Adhesion and Cohesion

Ability to absorb and release heat

Density

Adhesion and Cohesion

Cohesion: H2O molecules are attracted to other H2O molecules.

Adhesion: H2O molecules are attracted to other substances.

Surface Tension is the result of cohesion. It allows this water strider to sit atop the water.

Water has a high specific heat capacity-the amount of heat needed to raise its temperature a certain amount.

How does this effect the climate?

What would happen if water had a LOW specific heat capacity?

Absorbing and Releasing Heat

Water is less dense as a solid.

VERY important for life on earth…..Why?

Density = mass/volume

The mass of a substance per unit volume

Properties of water lab

The universal solvent….

A solvent is a substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances.

Phases of Water:

SolidLiquid Gas

Phases of Water Condensation= Going from GAS

to LIQUID. Evaporation= Going from

LIQUID to GAS. Freezing= Going from LIQUID

to SOLID Sublimation= Going from

SOLID to GAS

Energy: The ability to do work.

Convection

Conduction

Radiation

Convection Occurs in liquids

and gases Caused by

differences in density

Convective heat transfer

Conduction Occurs in

Solids Caused by a

collision of molecules

Radiation

Energy that travels through a material or through space.

Travels in waves. Examples: Light,

heat and sound

Water, water Everywhere….

Oceans~96.5%Fresh water~2.5%

Ice Groundwater Surface Fresh Water Atmosphere and soil

~71% of the earth is covered with water

The Ocean

The top 3 meters of the ocean hold a lot of heat.

Ocean Currents redistribute this heat toward the earths poles

The Gulf Stream carries warm water north along the east coast

Surface zone (mixed layer): Water temp higher at

surface because of direct sunlight (may also be called the sunlight zone)

Waves and currents mix surface water and transfer heat downward

Extends 100-400 meters Warmer at equator Only place where

enough light is present to grow marine plants

Thermocline The transition layer

between the mixed layer at the surface and the deep water layer.

separates the upper mixed layer from the calm deep water below

varies in depth. Factors that affect the

depth and thickness of a thermocline include seasonal weather variations, latitude and longitude, and local environmental conditions.

Deep bottom layer Area of very cold

water just under the thermocline. Usually between 0 – 5 degrees Celsius.

Extends 1000-4000 meters

Water down here is denser and not well mixed.

Salinity A measure of

dissolved solids in sea water

Number of grams of dissolved salts in 1 kilogram of water

Water with high salinity is more dense.

Natural Processes Affecting Salinity

Salts and other materials in ocean water come from:Volcanic activity in oceans

Erosion of land areas

Wave action along the shoreline

Halocline= Area where salinity increases rapidly with depth.

UpwellingProcess in which surface water moves farther out into the ocean and deep water moves upward to replace the surface water

Ocean Currents: Masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another

Surface Currents: movements of water that flow horizontally in the upper part of the ocean’s surface

Deep density currents: cold, dense currents that flow very slowly beneath surface of ocean

Surface Currents

Develop from friction between the ocean and the wind blowing across its surface

driven by the "prevailing winds" through an area. These prevailing winds are influenced by temperature

differences in the Earth's surface over long distances

Deep Density Currents

cold, dense currents that flow very slowly beneath surface of ocean

occurs when denser seawater moves towards an area of less dense seawater

Waves

What causes waves?

Generated by: Wind Tide Earthquakes!

The Lingo…..

TIDES=Daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface What causes the tides to change?

Tide Types

Barrier Islands

Outer Banks Protect shallow bays and wetlands on the mainland behind them