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Sectional Differences
How is life different in the North, South, and West?
The South's "Peculiar Institution“
US Laws Regarding Slavery
U. S. Constitutiono 3/5s compromiseo fugitive slave clause
1793 --> Fugitive Slave Act.
1808 --> Slave Importation Outlawed
1820 --> Missouri Compromise
1850 --> stronger Fugitive Slave Act.
Other Slavery?J By 1804: slavery eliminated from last
northern state
J 1820s: newly independent Republics of Central & South America declared slaves free
J 1833: slavery abolished throughout British Empire
J 1844: slavery abolished in French colonies
J 1861: serfs of Russia were emancipated
Early Emancipation in the North
Missouri Compromise, 1820
Cotton Economy Cotton was King!
o Depended on British exportso Depended on new lands to expando Depended on slaves to work fields
Very little industrial developmento Some in Virginia, North Carolina, and
Tennessee South: economically isolated (mostly)
Characteristics of the Antebellum South
Primarily agrarian
Economic power shifts from “upper South” to “lower South”
“Cotton Is King!”o 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr.
o 57% of total US exports
Very slow development of industrialization
Rudimentary financial system
Inadequate transportation system
Founded in 1845, South’s first attempt at industrialization (Richmond)
Graniteville Textile Co.
Southern Agriculture
Slaves Picking Cotton on a Mississippi Plantation
Slaves Using the Cotton Gin
Changes in Cotton Production
1820 1860
Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports
Other Southern Agriculture
Sugar Corn
Total US Population=23,000,000(9,250,000 in South=40%)
Southern Society by 1850
Plantation Owners
Other Whites (approx. 6 million total whites)
Yeoman Farmers, Plain Folk, Hillbillies
Free Blacks250,000
Blacks Slaves3,200,000
Paternalism and Honor in the Planter Class
Most Southern males: tradition of “chivalry” and aversion to industrialization.
Agrarian society (Father is head) Personal responsibility for physical and moral
well-being of dependentso Masculine code of honor placed the virtue of women
on a pedestalo Paternalistic attitude towards slaves; a “kindly father-
child relationship”o Right to obedience and laboro Slave has right to protection, guidance, subsistence,
care and attention Code of personal honor (dueling)
Yeoman Farmers
might have owned as many as ten slaves; usually worked alongside them
75 percent of all southerners held no slaves
Plain Folk in the South
Not involved in market economyoHome production
Little access to public educationo Illiterate
Mountain Whites Hated planters Hated blacks Hated everybody Hinton Helper’s
Impending Crisis of the South (1859)o Poor whites will get
fed up Andrew Johnson
o Anti-aristocracyo Only Southern
Senator to keep seato Will become
President
Slave Law and the Family
No legal status; wide range of laws governing treatment
Marriages often arranged for genetic reproduction
Slave families often separated “Sold down the river” always a
fear
Southern Population (1860)
Growth of Black Population 1820-1860
White Class Structure in the South, 1860
Which one belongs to the slave? poor white? yeoman farmer? plantation owner?
Slave-Owning Population (1850)
Slave-Owning Families (1850)
A Real Georgia Plantation
The Southern “Belle”
A Slave Family
A Real Mammie & Her Charge
Cotton Picking
House Servants
Domestic Slaves
Slave MasterBrands
Slave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave muzzle
Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet
Slave tag, SC
Slave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons
Slave shoes
Most Common From of Punishment
Runaways
Slave Personality “SAMBO” pattern
of behavior used as a charade in front of whites (the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.).
Stereotypes (last well into 20th Century)
Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda
Mary Boykin Chesnut
Diary from Dixie one of best
records of southern life during war
Life in the Northeast and
West
Economic Growth: 1790-1860
Why Industrial and Economic Growth?
By 1860: U.S. third in world (behind Britain & France) becauseo Innovations/inventions o Use of assembly lineo Use of interchangeable partso Use of steam/water powero Improved transportation systemso Abundance of natural resourceso Large food supply (western farmers)o Large labor supply (immigrants)
Transportation
Results of Urbanization
School Enrollment
Growth of Manufacturing
Occupational Change
Sectional Differences
How is life different in the North, South, and West?
The Abolition Movement
Can slavery continue?
Approaches to Abolition
Gradual emancipationo Compensate ownerso Return slaves to Africa
Gradual emancipationo Escapeo Rebellion
Gradual emancipationo Appeal to conscience of slave owners
Exclude it in new territorieso Let it die a natural death
Return to Africa Attitude most
prevalent North and upper South
For social reasonso Saw blacks as inferior
Resettlement in Liberia
Recognized by U.S. (1862)
Escape and Rebellion
Daily acts: breaking tools, burning houses or crops, stealing food, self mutilation or work slowdowns
Females: fake sickness or menstrual cramps
Ultimate forms: murder or running awayoUnderground Railroad
Escape and Rebellion
Escape and Rebellion
Escape and Rebellion
Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages Monkey Wrench pattern (left) alerted
escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee
Drunkard Path design (right) warned escapees not to follow straight route
Escape and Rebellion Southerners
biggest fear: ARMED SLAVE REBELLION
Escape and Rebellion
Gabriel Prosser – 1800 Denmark Vesey – 1821 Nat Turner – 1831
o Saw himself as Christ-like figure
o Armed slaves for revolto Killed 60 whiteso Whites retaliated killing
about 40 slaveso 50 slaves tried and hanged
(including Turner)
Escape and Rebellion
Southerners blamed abolitionists
Evangelical Approach
Slavery is sin; owners condemned to hell
Leaders: William Lloyd Garrison and Theodore Dwight Weld
Prominent northern blacks (Frederick Douglass) also influential
Evangelical Approach Garrison Published The
Liberator (1831)o Immediate
emancipationo No compensationo Against colonizationo Denounced anyone
who disagreedo VERY radical
Evangelical Approach Weld The Bible Against
Slavery American Slavery as
It Is: Testimony of 1000 Witnesseso Preached moral
responsibility o Worked with others to
spread message
Evangelical Approach Garrison and
Weld form Anti-Slavery Society (1833)
Aimed at general public and politicians
Women play significant role
General publico Spread message through
mediao Form local chapters of
Anti-Slavery Societyo By 1840’s: 200,000
members (including Emerson and Thoreau)
Politicianso Petition Congress to outlaw
slavery in Washington D.C.o End 3/5 compromiseo Prevent slavery in new
states
Southern Hostility Toward Abolition
Nat Turner rebellion led South to tighten gripo Banned abolitionist literatureo Defended slavery through religion and benevolenceo Criticized northern industrialists for worse treatment of
workerso Focused on turning Northerners against abolitionism
• Social elites needed to stick together• Involvement of women was destroying family• Free blacks would take Northern jobs• Racial mixing and black equality would destroy society
Gag ruleo 1836-1844 –House of Representatives refused to accept
petitions on abolitionism Liberty Party
o Formed by moderate abolitionistso Ran James Birney for President (3% of the vote)
Southern justifications for
Slavery Historical Justification: o all great civilizations participated in slavery
Legal Justification: o U.S. Constitution protected slavery w/o word “slavery”
Racist Justification: o Negroes inferior to whiteso Gave poor whites opportunity to improve life without competition from
blacks Sociological Justification:
o Basic needs of slaves were met (better than northern industrial workers)o “Benevolent” masters
Biblical Justification:o “Slaves, accept the authority of your masters with all deference, not only
those who are kind and gentle but also those who are harsh. For it is a credit to you if, being aware of God, you endure pain while suffering unjustly. If you endure when you are beaten for doing wrong, what credit is that? But if you endure when you do right and suffer for it, you have God's approval.” (1st Peter 2:18-29)
South Carolina’s Truth
John C. Calhouno All men created equal was “the most
false & dangerous of all political errors”o Freedom is privilege
• reward to be earned and not for all Minister John B. Alger
o “divine arrangement of the world”• Submission of inferior to superior
• Black to white• Female to male• Lower classes to upper classes
Basic timeline of slavery
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