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Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3
Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function.
Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system.
Recognize medical terms that pertain to respiration.
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Identify clinical procedures and abbreviations related to the system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6
Introduction
Respiration mechanical process of breathing exchange of air between lungs and
environment
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7
Introduction (cont’d.)
External respiration: exchange of air in lung capillaries oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the
lungs immediately passes into capillaries carbon dioxide passes from capillaries
into air sacs, to be exhaled
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8
Introduction (cont’d.)
Internal respiration: exchange of gases in the cells occurs simultaneously between cells and
capillaries oxygen passes out of the bloodstream
into the tissues carbon dioxide passes out of tissues
back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10
Respiratory Anatomy
Mediastinum: middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches
Bronchi: each leads to a separate lung
Lungs: lobes are not mirror images Hilum: blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12
Respiratory Structures
Conduct air Nose Nasal cavities
and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Exchange gases Bronchioles Alveoli Lung capillaries
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14
Combining Forms
adenoid/oalveol/obronch/obronchi/o
bronchiol/ocapn/oconi/ocyan/o
epiglott/olaryng/o
lob/omediastin/o
nas/oorth/oox/o
pector/opharyng/o
phon/ophren/opleur/o
pneum/opneumon/opulmon/o
rhin/osinus/ospir/otel/o
thorac/otonsill/otrache/o
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15
Suffixes
-ema
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17
Diagnostic Terms
auscultation percussion pleural rub
rales (crackles) sputum stridor wheezes
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18
Pathological Terms
Upper Respiratory Disorders
croup diphtheria epistaxis pertussis
Bronchial Tube Disorders
asthma bronchiectasis bronchogenic
carcinoma chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19
Pathological Terms (cont’d.)
Lung Disorders atelectasis emphysema pneumoconiosis pneumonia pulmonary
abscess
pulmonary edema pulmonary
embolism (PE) pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis tuberculosis (TB)
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20
Pathological Terms, Lung Disorders (cont’d.)
Atelectasis Two forms Proximal
obstruction of distal airways
Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in pleural cavity
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21
Pathological Terms (cont’d.)
Pleural Disorders mesothelioma pleural effusion pleurisy (pleuritis) pneumothorax
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22
Pathological Terms, Pleural Disorders (cont’d.)
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23
For Spelling and Meaning
anthracosis asbestosis bacilli chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
cor pulmonale exudate
hydrothorax palliative paroxysmal pulmonary
infarction purulent rhonchi silicosis
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25
Clinical Procedures
X-rays chest x-ray computed tomography (CT scan of the
chest) pulmonary angiography
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
X-rays: radiographic imaging
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic waves create images
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Radioactive Test Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan:
inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Bronchioscopy: endoscope to bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
laryngoscopy lung biopsy mediastinoscopy pulmonary
function tests (PFTs)
thoracentesis
thoracotomy thorascopy tracheostomy tuberculin test tube
thoracostomy
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space
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