© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Muscular System Chapter 4

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The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Chapter 4

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Overview of Structures, Combining Forms,and Functions of the Muscular System

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms,and Functions of the Muscular System

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Muscles

• Primary Function– Make body movement possible

– Hold body erect

– Move body fluids

– Produce body heat

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Muscles

• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)– my/o, myos/o

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Fascia

• Primary Function– Cover, support, and separate muscles

• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)– fasci/o

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Tendons

• Primary Function – Attach muscles to bones

• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)– ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

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Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscles:

• Attached to bones of the skeleton

• Make body motions possible

• Voluntary muscles

• Striated muscles

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Types of Muscle Tissue

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Types of Muscle Tissue

Smooth muscles:

• Located in walls of internal organs, bloodvessels, and ducts leading from glands

• Move and control the flow of fluids throughthese structures

• Involuntary, unstriated, and visceral muscles

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Types of Muscle Tissue

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Types of Muscle Tissue

Myocardial Muscle

• Form the muscular walls of the heart

• Myocardium or cardiac muscle

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Types of Muscle Tissue

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Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

• Muscle innervation: stimulation of a muscle byan impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

• Neuromuscular: pertaining to the relationshipbetween a nerve and muscle

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Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

• Antagonistic Muscle Pairs– Contraction

– Relaxation

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Contrasting Muscle Motion

• Abduction: movement of a limb away from themidline of the body

• Adduction: movement of a limb toward themidline of the body

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Contrasting Muscle Motion

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Contrasting Muscle Motion

• Flexion: decreasing the angle between twobones by bending a limb at a joint

• Extension: increasing the angle between twobones or the straightening out of a limb

• Hyperextension: the extreme or overextensionof a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

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Contrasting Muscle Motion

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Rotation and Circumduction

• Rotation: a circular movement around an axissuch as the shoulder joint

• Circumduction: the circular movement at thefar end of a limb

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Rotation and Circumduction

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Supination and Pronation

• Supination: the act of rotating the arm or leg sothat the palm of the hand or sole of the foot isturned forward or upward

• Pronation: the act of rotating the arm or leg sothat the palm of the hand or sole of the foot isturned downward or backward

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Supination and Pronation

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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

• Dorsiflexion: the movement that bends the footupward at the ankle

• Plantar flexion: the movement that bends thefoot downward at the ankle

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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

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Key Word Parts and Definitions

• bi- – twice, double, two

• -cele – hernia, tumor, swelling

• dys- – bad, difficult, or painful

• fasci/o – fascia, fibrous band

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Key Word Parts and Definitions

• fibr/o – fibrous tissue, fiber

• -ia – abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

• -ic – pertaining to

• kines/o, kinesi/o – movement

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Key Word Parts and Definitions

• my/o – muscle

• -plegia – paralysis, stroke

• -rrhexis – rupture

• tax/o – coordination, order

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Key Word Parts and Definitions

• ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o – tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

• ton/o – tone, stretching, tension,

• tri- – three

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QuestionsQuestions

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Question

The largest muscle in the human body is foundin the buttocks.

True or False?

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Answer

True. The gluteus maximus in the buttocks is thelargest muscle in the body.

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Question

How many muscles are required to raiseyour eyebrows?

a. 15

b. 8

c. 30

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Answer

c. 30

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Question

Pronation is the act of rotating the arm so thatthe palm of the hand is turned upward.

True or False?

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Answer

False. Supination is the act of rotating the armso that the palm of the hand is turned upward.

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Question

Singultus is the medical term for:a. A facial tick

b. Hiccups

c. Cramps

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Answer

b. Hiccups

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Answers to Learning ExercisesAnswers to Learning Exercises

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Matching Word Parts 14.1. -ia4.2. fasci/o4.3. fibr/o4.4. -cele4.5. kines/o, kinesi/o4.6. tax/o4.7. my/o4.8. -rrhexis4.9. tend/o4.10. ton/o

Matching Muscle Directions and Positions

4.11. transverse

4.12. sphincter

4.13. oblique

4.14. rectus

4.15. lateralis

Chapter 4 Answers

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Definitions

4.16. skeletal

4.17. heel spur

4.18. supination

4.19. bradykinesia

4.20. physiatrist

4.21. myofascial

4.22. tendon

4.23. adhesion

Definitions

4.24. paraplegia

4.25. tenodesis

4.26. myocardial

4.27. gluteus maximus

4.28. tendon

4.29. deltoid

4.30. sphincter

Chapter 4 Answers

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Which Word?

4.31. strain

4.32. neuromuscular blocker

4.33. dystonia

4.34. impingement syndrome

4.35. deltoid

Spelling Counts

4.36. antispasmodic

4.37. singultus

4.38. gravis

4.39. ganglion

4.40. pronation

Chapter 4 Answers

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Abbreviation Identification

4.41. carpal tunnel syndrome

4.42. deep tendon reflexes

4.43. range of motion

4.44. repetitive stress disorder

4.45. spinal cord injury

Term Selection

4.46. myorrhexis

4.47. myolysis

4.48. hyperkinesia

4.49. hamstring

4.50. myofascial release

Chapter 4 Answers

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Sentence Completion

4.51. epicondylitis

4.52. flexion

4.53. intermittent claudication

4.54. myoparesis

4.55. spasmodic torticollis

Word Surgery

4.56. electr/o, my/o, -graphy

4.57. hyper-, kines, -ia

4.58. my/o, clon, -us

4.59. poly-, myos, -itis

4.60. sarc/o, -penia

Chapter 4 Answers

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True/False

4.61. True

4.62. False

4.63. True

4.64. False

4.65. False

Clinical Conditions

4.66. ganglion cyst

4.67. myocele

4.68. atrophy

4.69. hypotonia

4.70. chronic fatigue

4.71. Achilles tendinitis

4.72. myalgia

4.73. shin splint

4.74. quadriplegia

4.75. hemiparesis

Chapter 4 Answers

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Which Is the Correct Medical Term?

4.76. dystrophy

4.77. carpal tunnel release

4.78. adduction

4.79. myotomy

4.80. dorsiflexion

Challenge Word Building

4.81. myopathy

4.82. polymyalgia

4.83. myonecrosis

4.84. fasciorrhaphy

4.85. polymyectomy

4.86. fasciodesis

4.87. myocarditis

4.88. fasciectomy

4.89. herniorrhaphy

4.90. sphincterotomy

Chapter 4 Answers

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Labeling Exercises

4.91. flexion

4.92. extension

4.93. abduction

4.94. adduction

4.95. pronation

4.96. supination

4.97. dorsiflexion

4.98. plantar flexion

4.99. circumduction

4.100. rotation

Chapter 4 Answers